-
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic... 2017Secondary metabolites of higher fungi (mushrooms) are an underexplored resource compared to plant-derived secondary metabolites. An increasing interest in mushroom... (Review)
Review
Secondary metabolites of higher fungi (mushrooms) are an underexplored resource compared to plant-derived secondary metabolites. An increasing interest in mushroom natural products has been noted in recent years. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the secondary metabolites from higher fungi, with 765 references highlighting the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, chemical syntheses, and biosynthesis of pigments, nitrogen-containing compounds, and terpenoids from mushrooms. Mushroom toxins are also included in each section.In a section on pigments of higher fungi, pigments are classified into four categories, namely, those from the shikimate-chorismate, acetate-malonate, and mevalonate biosynthetic pathways, and pigments containing nitrogen, with 145 references covering the years 2010-2016.In a section on other nitrogen-containing compounds of higher fungi, compounds are categorized primarily into nitrogen heterocycles, nucleosides, non-protein amino acids, cyclic peptides, and sphingolipids, with 65 references covering the years 2010-2016. In turn, in a section describing terpenoids of higher fungi, the sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids are thoroughly elaborated, spanning the years 2001-2016, and 2009-2016, respectively. The divergent biosynthetic pathways from farnesyl pyrophosphate to sesquiterpenoids are also described. Selected triterpenoids with novel structures and promising biological activities, including lanostanes and ergostanes, are reported from the genus Ganoderma, and the fungi Antrodia cinnamomea and Poria cocos. In addition, cucurbitanes and saponaceolides are also compiled in this section.
Topics: Agaricales; Biological Products; Biosynthetic Pathways; Molecular Structure; Terpenes
PubMed: 28762089
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and... (Review)
Review
Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and certain groups of animals) stand out. Amatoxin-containing mushrooms and the poisonings caused by them stand out from the higher fungi, the mushrooms. There are already historical data and records about such poisonings, but scientific research on the responsible molecules began in the middle of the last century. The goals of this review work are as follows: presentation of the cosmopolitan mushroom species that produce amanitins (which are known from certain genera of four mushroom families), an overview of the chemical structure and specific properties of amanitins, a summary of the analytical methods applicable to them, a presentation of the "medical history" of poisonings, and a summary of the therapeutic methods used so far. The main responsible molecules (the amanitins) are bicyclic octapeptides, whose structure is characterized by an outer loop and an inner loop (bridge). It follows from the unusual properties of amanitins, especially their extreme stability (against heat, the acidic pH of the medium, and their resistance to human, and animal, digestive enzymes), that they are absorbed almost without hindrance and quickly transported to our vital organs. Adding to the problems is that accidental consumption causes no noticeable symptoms for a few hours (or even 24-36 h) after consumption, but the toxins already damage the metabolism of the target organs and the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The biochemical catastrophe of the cells causes irreversible structural changes, which lead to necrotic damage (in the liver and kidneys) and death. The scientific topicality of the review is due to the recent publication of new data on the probable antidote molecule (ICR: indocyanine green) against amanitins. Further research can provide a new foundation for the therapeutic treatment of poisonings, and the toxicological situation, which currently still poses a deadly threat, could even be tamed into a controllable problem. We also draw attention to the review conclusions, as well as the mycological and social tasks related to amanitin poisonings (prevention of poisonings).
Topics: Amanitins; Agaricales; Humans; Animals; Mushroom Poisoning
PubMed: 37570902
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155932 -
Journal of Basic Microbiology Jan 2023
Topics: Agaricales; Conservation of Natural Resources; Agriculture
PubMed: 36534816
DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200701 -
Electrophoresis May 2016Mushrooms are considered an important food for their traditionally famous nutritional and medicinal values, although much information about their potential at the... (Review)
Review
Mushrooms are considered an important food for their traditionally famous nutritional and medicinal values, although much information about their potential at the molecular level is unfortunately unknown. Edible mushrooms include fungi that are either collected wild or cultivated. Many important species are difficult to cultivate but attempts have been made with varying degrees of success, with the results showing unsatisfactory economical cultivation methods. Recently, proteomic analysis has been developed as a powerful tool to study the protein content of fungi, particularly basidiomycetes. This mini-review article highlights the contribution of proteomics platforms to the study of edible mushrooms, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in developmental stages. This includes extracellular and cytoplasmic effector proteins that have potential or are involved in the synthesis of anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antibiotic, in blood pressure control, in the supply of vitamins and minerals, and in other responses to environmental changes. The contribution of different proteomics techniques including classical and more advanced techniques is also highlighted.
Topics: Agaricales; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Food; Fungal Proteins; Hypoglycemic Agents; Proteomics; Vitamins
PubMed: 26891916
DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600031 -
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Mar 2018
Review
Topics: Agaricales; Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic; Child; Humans; Male; Mushroom Poisoning
PubMed: 28964695
DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2017.08.004 -
Current Protein & Peptide Science 2016Lectins are proteins/glycoproteins of non-immune origin, which are widely distributed in nature. They have at least one non-catalytic domain, which binds reversibly to... (Review)
Review
Lectins are proteins/glycoproteins of non-immune origin, which are widely distributed in nature. They have at least one non-catalytic domain, which binds reversibly to specific monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. Lectins recognizing sugar moieties in cell walls or cell membranes alter the membrane physiology and trigger biochemical changes in the cell. Thus, various applications of lectins have been described, for example as tools to identify aberrant glycans expressed by neoplastic cells and as antitumor agents by inducing apoptosis by various mechanisms. In order to widen applications of anti-tumor lectins, a detailed investigation of their action mechanism is required. Mushrooms are a valuable source of novel lectins with unique specificities and potentials for biotechnological and biomedical applications. This article reviews information on anti-proliferative activity of mushroom lectins obtained in-vitro and in-vivo. The possible role of lectins as cancer therapeutics is discussed together with the mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative activity, which may help to exploit these biomolecules as potential novel antitumor drugs in near future.
Topics: Agaricales; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Cell Proliferation; Cell Wall; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Lectins; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26916164
DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160226144741 -
Molecular Biology and Evolution Apr 2021As actors of global carbon cycle, Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota) have developed complex enzymatic machineries that allow them to decompose all plant polymers, including... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
As actors of global carbon cycle, Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota) have developed complex enzymatic machineries that allow them to decompose all plant polymers, including lignin. Among them, saprotrophic Agaricales are characterized by an unparalleled diversity of habitats and lifestyles. Comparative analysis of 52 Agaricomycetes genomes (14 of them sequenced de novo) reveals that Agaricales possess a large diversity of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes for lignocellulose decay. Based on the gene families with the predicted highest evolutionary rates-namely cellulose-binding CBM1, glycoside hydrolase GH43, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase AA9, class-II peroxidases, glucose-methanol-choline oxidase/dehydrogenases, laccases, and unspecific peroxygenases-we reconstructed the lifestyles of the ancestors that led to the extant lignocellulose-decomposing Agaricomycetes. The changes in the enzymatic toolkit of ancestral Agaricales are correlated with the evolution of their ability to grow not only on wood but also on leaf litter and decayed wood, with grass-litter decomposers as the most recent eco-physiological group. In this context, the above families were analyzed in detail in connection with lifestyle diversity. Peroxidases appear as a central component of the enzymatic toolkit of saprotrophic Agaricomycetes, consistent with their essential role in lignin degradation and high evolutionary rates. This includes not only expansions/losses in peroxidase genes common to other basidiomycetes but also the widespread presence in Agaricales (and Russulales) of new peroxidases types not found in wood-rotting Polyporales, and other Agaricomycetes orders. Therefore, we analyzed the peroxidase evolution in Agaricomycetes by ancestral-sequence reconstruction revealing several major evolutionary pathways and mapped the appearance of the different enzyme types in a time-calibrated species tree.
Topics: Agaricales; Ecosystem; Genome, Fungal; Lignin; Multigene Family; Peroxidases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 33211093
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa301 -
Mycologia 2020Within the family Entolomataceae, many reports of and have been published, but few reports on and allied genera are available. In this study, , and from China were...
Within the family Entolomataceae, many reports of and have been published, but few reports on and allied genera are available. In this study, , and from China were studied by morphological and phylogenetic methods. Portions of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (), and ATPase subunit 6 (), were employed to elucidate the relationships of and allies. Results indicate that should be divided into three sections, namely, sect. , sect. , and sect. , the last of which is newly described. In total, 17 species of , and are found in China; 14 species belong to , of which 5 are new: , and . Two species of , including one new species, , are described. One new species of , namely, , is proposed.
Topics: Agaricales; China; Genes, Fungal; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny
PubMed: 32119635
DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1703089 -
Life Sciences in Space Research May 2022To calculate the equivalent system mass of mushrooms, a conceptual configuration of a mushroom farm as part of a bioregenerative life support system on an inhabited...
To calculate the equivalent system mass of mushrooms, a conceptual configuration of a mushroom farm as part of a bioregenerative life support system on an inhabited lunar base was designed. The mushroom farm consists of two connected modules. Each module is a double-shell rigid pipe-in-pipe aluminum structure. The first module is used to prepare and sterilize the substrate, while the mushrooms are sown and grown in the second module. Planned productivity of the mushroom farm is 28 kg of fresh mushrooms per one process cycle lasting 66 days for 14 consumers. Mushroom production can be increased using additional modules. The calculated equivalent system masses of the mushroom farm and the mushrooms produced therein is 88,432 kg and 31,550 kg per 1 kg of dry mushrooms in one process cycle, respectively. At that, the biggest contributor to the equivalent system mass of mushrooms is the total pressurized volume of the farm - 68%. The results obtained may be a prerequisite for performing trade-off studies between different configurations of mushroom farm and calculating a space diet using the equivalent system mass of mushrooms.
Topics: Agaricales; Diet; Farms; Life Support Systems; Moon
PubMed: 35491024
DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.12.005 -
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2023Edible mushrooms are healthy food with high nutritional value, which is popular with consumers. With the increase of the problem of mushrooms being confused with the... (Review)
Review
Edible mushrooms are healthy food with high nutritional value, which is popular with consumers. With the increase of the problem of mushrooms being confused with the real and pollution in the market, people pay more and more attention to food safety. More than 167 articles of edible mushroom published in the past 20 years were reviewed in this paper. The analysis tools and data analysis methods of identification and quality evaluation of edible mushroom species, origin, mineral elements were reviewed. Five techniques for identification and evaluation of edible mushrooms were introduced and summarized. The macroscopic, microscopic and molecular identification techniques can be used to identify species. Chromatography, spectroscopy technology combined with chemometrics can be used for qualitative and quantitative study of mushroom and evaluation of mushroom quality. In addition, multiple supervised pattern-recognition techniques have good classification ability. Deep learning is more and more widely used in edible mushroom, which shows its advantages in image recognition and prediction. These techniques and analytical methods can provide strong support and guarantee for the identification and evaluation of mushroom, which is of great significance to the development and utilization of edible mushroom.
Topics: Humans; Agaricales
PubMed: 34435928
DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1969886