-
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2021Mushrooms provide a reliable source of bioactive compounds and have numerous nutritional values, which is one of the reasons why they are widely used for culinary... (Review)
Review
Mushrooms provide a reliable source of bioactive compounds and have numerous nutritional values, which is one of the reasons why they are widely used for culinary purposes. They may also be a remedy for several medical conditions, including cancer diseases. Given the constantly increasing number of cancer incidents, the great anticancer potential of mushrooms has unsurprisingly become an object of interest to researchers. Therefore, this review aimed to collect and summarize all the available scientific data on the anti-cancer activity of mushroom extracts. Our research showed that mushroom extracts from 92 species, prepared using 12 different solvents, could reduce the viability of 38 various cancers. Additionally, we evaluated different experimental models: in vitro (cell model), in vivo (mice and rat model, case studies and randomized controlled trials), and in silico. Breast cancer proved to be sensitive to the highest number of mushroom extracts. The curative mechanisms of the studied mushrooms consisted in: inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, unregulated proportion of cells in cell cycle phases, induction of autophagy and phagocytosis, improved response of the immune system, and induction of apoptotic death of cells via upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. The processes mainly involved the expression of caspases -3, -8, -9, AKT, p27, p53, BAX, and BCL2. The quoted results could lead to the classification of mushrooms as nutraceuticals used to prevent a variety of disorders or to support treatment of cancer diseases.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasms; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34482165
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112106 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2017Mushrooms have long been used for medicinal and food purposes for over a thousand years, but a complete elucidation of the health-promoting properties of mushrooms... (Review)
Review
Mushrooms have long been used for medicinal and food purposes for over a thousand years, but a complete elucidation of the health-promoting properties of mushrooms through regulating gut microbiota has not yet been fully exploited. Mushrooms comprise a vast, and yet largely untapped, source of powerful new pharmaceutical substances. Mushrooms have been used in health care for treating simple and common diseases, like skin diseases and pandemic diseases like AIDS. This review is aimed at accumulating the health-promoting benefits of edible mushrooms through gut microbiota. Mushrooms are proven to possess anti-allergic, anti-cholesterol, anti-tumor, and anti-cancer properties. Mushrooms are rich in carbohydrates, like chitin, hemicellulose, β and α-glucans, mannans, xylans, and galactans, which make them the right choice for prebiotics. Mushrooms act as a prebiotics to stimulate the growth of gut microbiota, conferring health benefits to the host. In the present review, we have summarized the beneficial activities of various mushrooms on gut microbiota via the inhibition of exogenous pathogens and, thus, improving the host health.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Health Promotion; Humans; Immunomodulation; Medicine, Traditional; Prebiotics
PubMed: 28885559
DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091934 -
Fungal Biology Apr 2022Therapeutic use of psilocybin has become a focus of recent international research, with preliminary data showing promise to address a range of treatment-resistant mental... (Review)
Review
Therapeutic use of psilocybin has become a focus of recent international research, with preliminary data showing promise to address a range of treatment-resistant mental health conditions. However, use of psilocybin as a healing entheogen has a long history through traditional consumption of mushrooms from the genus Psilocybe. The forthcoming adoption of new psilocybin-assisted therapeutic practices necessitates identification of preferred sources of psilocybin; consequently, comprehensive understanding of psilocybin-containing fungi is fundamental to consumer safety. Here we examine psilocybin producing fungi, discuss their biology, diversity, and ethnomycological uses. We also review recent work focused on elucidation of psilocybin biosynthetic production pathways, especially those from the genus Psilocybe, and their evolutionary history. Current research on psilocybin therapies is discussed, and recommendations for necessary future mycological research are outlined.
Topics: Agaricales; Biology; Psilocybe; Psilocybin
PubMed: 35314062
DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.003 -
Mycologia 2022Charles Horton Peck described some 2700 species of North American fungi in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Among these were 31 species that he described as or that...
Charles Horton Peck described some 2700 species of North American fungi in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Among these were 31 species that he described as or that later authors recombined into . These 31 taxa have been analyzed morphologically and molecularly, as far as possible. For six of these species, lectotypes are designated. For twelve species, ITS sequences (some partial) were generated. Thirteen of the species analyzed are , as the genus is delimited today. Of these 13, nine are regarded as 'current', i.e. are names that should be accepted and used. Of the remaining four, three are synonymized with earlier Peck species and one with the generic type . Numerous species described from America are synonymized with some of Peck's species, such as , and ; Peck's , and are earlier names for , and , respectively. All three names were in current use and described from Europe. The 18 species that are not belong to a range of genera: , and ; three species that were not previously recombined into their respective genera are here recombined and one species, is synonymized with . Two taxa, that are not , remain unresolved. Sixty later taxa described from North America are revised and synonymized with Peck species and seven with , 36 of these supported by ITS (some partial) sequence data. Updates on two species, and , from Europe, are also given, and a lectotype and epitype selected for the latter.
Topics: Agaricales; Europe; Hebeloma; North America; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35230235
DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.2012063 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2022We reviewed previous studies on the function of edible and medicinal mushroom proteins and then summarized their application in nutrition, medicine, agriculture, and... (Review)
Review
We reviewed previous studies on the function of edible and medicinal mushroom proteins and then summarized their application in nutrition, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Meanwhile, we put forward the current problems existing in the research on mushroom proteins and propose directions for further research on the development and utilization of mushroom proteins.
Topics: Agaricales; Agriculture
PubMed: 36374981
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022045323 -
Mycologia 2023William Alphonso Murrill was an American mycologist of the early 20th century. He described 1453 new species of Agaricales, Boletales, and Polyporales. Within these were...
William Alphonso Murrill was an American mycologist of the early 20th century. He described 1453 new species of Agaricales, Boletales, and Polyporales. Within these were 44 taxa that he described as or that he recombined into . Additionally, there are five species, of which we are aware, that Murrill described within other genera that should be referred to the genus . A further three species described from northern America by J. P. F. C. Montagne, and transferred to by Saccardo, were commented on by Murrill and not accepted within the genus. These 52 taxa are analyzed here, both morphologically and molecularly, as far as possible. For 18 of his types, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were generated. For two species ( and ), which were mixed collections, lectotypes are designated. Twenty-three of the taxa analyzed are , as the genus is recognized today, and six of these (, and ) are regarded as current, i.e., they are names that should be accepted and used. is an earlier name for , described from Europe. is synonymous with but has priority and is here recombined into . The remaining 17 taxa are synonymized with other species that have priority. The remaining 29 species belong to a range of genera; molecularly supported were , and . Recombinations and synonymizations are made as appropriate and necessary. The names and , respectively , are considered doubtful and should be avoided.
Topics: Hebeloma; Phylogeny; Agaricales; Basidiomycota; Cortinarius
PubMed: 37159336
DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2188387 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2023With the development of molecular biology and genomics technology, mushroom breeding methods have changed from single traditional breeding to molecular breeding.... (Review)
Review
With the development of molecular biology and genomics technology, mushroom breeding methods have changed from single traditional breeding to molecular breeding. Compared with traditional breeding methods, molecular breeding has the advantages of short time and high efficiency. It breaks through the restrictive factors of conventional breeding and improves the accuracy of breeding. Molecular breeding technology is gradually applied to mushroom breeding. This paper summarizes the concept of molecular breeding and the application progress of various molecular breeding technologies in mushroom breeding, in order to provide reference for future research on mushroom breeding.
Topics: Agaricales; DNA Shuffling
PubMed: 37831513
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2023050122 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Apr 2024Mushrooms are distinguished as important food-containing polysaccharides possessing potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. These compounds belong... (Review)
Review
Mushrooms are distinguished as important food-containing polysaccharides possessing potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. These compounds belong mostly to polysaccharides that are mostly β-D-glucans. Among them, β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6 side chains of glucose residues, has more important roles in their properties. In this review, we have introduced polysaccharides mainly from Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus citrinopileatus with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. In addition, the mechanisms of activation of their physiological properties and signal cascade are also reviewed.
Topics: Agaricales; Polysaccharides; Shiitake Mushrooms; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38364705
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103076 -
International Journal of Medicinal... 2018Here, we analyze the status and future trends in the study of medicinal mushrooms (MMs) in agriculture and biomedicine. Fruiting bodies of mushrooms are heterotrophic... (Review)
Review
Here, we analyze the status and future trends in the study of medicinal mushrooms (MMs) in agriculture and biomedicine. Fruiting bodies of mushrooms are heterotrophic organisms that obtain all their nutritive requirements from the substrate. Mushroom substrates are agro-industrial plant residues and forest byproducts, which are usually called lignocellulosic materials. A good substrate for mushroom growth must be suitable both chemically and physically, as well as have the proper conditions for microbial activities. Under suitable conditions, mushrooms can excrete key enzymes for unlocking indigestible lignocellulosic biomasses to help provide sources of nourishment. The production of enzymes by mushroom mycelia plays a crucial part in the colonization process and is an important determinant of mushroom yields. The sense of purpose and vision for mushroom industries is also briefly discussed. Special attention is given to the use of mushroom extracts with antiphytopathologenic and insecticidal properties in modern agriculture. In the second part of this article, we summarize biomedical applications of medicinal mushrooms, which are currently used as 1) dietary food, 2) dietary supplement products, 3) a new class of drugs called "mushroom pharmaceuticals or mushroom drugs", 4) natural biocontrol agents in plant protection demonstrating insecticidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, herbicidal, nematocidal, and antiphytoviral activities, and 5) cosmeceuticals. We also aimed to draw attention to many critically important unsolved problems in the future development of medicinal mushroom science in the 21st century, including problems of production, standardization, and safety of mushroom dietary supplement products, as well as to discuss the problems of developing new medicinal mushroom drugs based not only on beta-glucans polysaccharides but also on low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites.
Topics: Agaricales; Agriculture; Animals; Biomedical Research; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 30806294
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018029378 -
Journal of Environmental Science and... Oct 2016The purpose of this article is to review the detail concentration of arsenic in some species of mushrooms as well as organic and inorganic forms of arsenic in the... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this article is to review the detail concentration of arsenic in some species of mushrooms as well as organic and inorganic forms of arsenic in the substrates where wild and cultivated edible mushrooms grow. We also briefly review the molecular forms of arsenic in mushrooms. There is still a lack of experimental data from the environment for a variety of species from different habitats and for different levels of geogenic arsenic in soil. This information will be useful for mushrooms consumers, nutritionists, and food regulatory agencies by describing ways to minimize arsenic content in edible mushrooms and arsenic intake from mushroom meals.
Topics: Agaricales; Arsenic; Food Contamination; Soil; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 27635858
DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1235935