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Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery :... Jul 2020The COVID-19 pandemic has created a number of considerations for otolaryngology; anosmia and ageusia in particular have gained significant attention. Here we present... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a number of considerations for otolaryngology; anosmia and ageusia in particular have gained significant attention. Here we present considerations in regard to treatment with quinine-derived drugs and the influence of masks on communication.
Topics: Audiology; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Otolaryngology; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32396446
DOI: 10.1177/0194599820928989 -
ACS Chemical Neuroscience Jul 2020Many COVID-19 patients are presenting with atypical clinical features. Happy hypoxemia with almost normal breathing, anosmia in the absence of rhinitis or nasal... (Review)
Review
Many COVID-19 patients are presenting with atypical clinical features. Happy hypoxemia with almost normal breathing, anosmia in the absence of rhinitis or nasal obstruction, and ageusia are some of the reported atypical clinical findings. Based on the clinical manifestations of the disease, we are proposing a new hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 mediated inflammation of the nucleus tractus solitarius may be the reason for happy hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Cranial Nerves; Humans; Hypoxia; Inflammation; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; Solitary Nucleus
PubMed: 32530597
DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00318 -
Journal of Neurovirology Feb 2023Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus (HCoV)-related diseases are mostly related to the respiratory system, although secondary complications such as headache,...
Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus (HCoV)-related diseases are mostly related to the respiratory system, although secondary complications such as headache, anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia have been reported. HCoV infection and replication in chemosensory cells associated with ageusia and anosmia is poorly understood. Here, we characterized HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in two types of chemosensory cells, olfactory and taste cells, with their unique molecular and histological characteristics. We first assessed HCoV-OC43 infection in in vitro cultured human olfactory epithelial cells (hOECs) and fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells. Interestingly, while both cell types were susceptible to HCoV-OC43 infection, viral replication rates were significantly reduced in HBO cells compared to hOECs. More interestingly, while culture media from hOECs was able to produce secondary infection in Vero cells, there was very limited secondary infection from HBO cells, suggesting that HBO cells may not be able to release infectious virus. On the other hand, unlike HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2 showed comparable levels of viral infection rates in both hOECs and HBO cells. Furthermore, our RT-qPCR-based gene array studies revealed that several key genes involved in taste and olfactory functions were significantly altered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results may suggest a possible mechanism associated with chemosensory symptoms, such as anosmia and ageusia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Animals; Chlorocebus aethiops; Humans; COVID-19; Vero Cells; Ageusia; Anosmia; Coinfection; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus OC43, Human
PubMed: 36719595
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01117-3 -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Jan 2022More than a year and a half after the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptoms, such as loss of smell and taste (anosmia and ageusia,...
More than a year and a half after the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptoms, such as loss of smell and taste (anosmia and ageusia, respectively), remain difficult to characterize and quantify, especially in children, since no validated tests to assess these disorders are available. However, these symptoms can also be seen in children, although less frequently than observed in the adult population. In this article, we present the results of a national survey that collected the responses of 267 Italian pediatricians on the presence of anosmia and ageusia in children affected by COVID-19. These data were then compared with existing literature.
Topics: Adult; Ageusia; Anosmia; COVID-19; Child; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35080301
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13644 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2019Neurolocalization of taste disorders requires a knowledge of the functional anatomy involved in mediating taste information from the peripheral mucosal surfaces through... (Review)
Review
Neurolocalization of taste disorders requires a knowledge of the functional anatomy involved in mediating taste information from the peripheral mucosal surfaces through numerous peripheral cranial nerves to complex subcortical and cortical brain regions. Our understanding of this functional anatomy has advanced in recent years. Taste is an experience that is both innate and learned, and the "taste" experience involves the integration of information from other sensory modalities, such as olfaction and somatosensation. Normal taste perception is influenced by different neurophysiologic states, which involve endocrine function, emotions, and even attitudes and expectations toward eating. At its core, the normal effective ability to taste is a reflection of the proper function of many organ systems within the body and may be considered a marker for good health. Clinical taste disorders, on the other hand, involve the dysfunction of the normal neural taste pathways and/or aberrant influences on multisensory integration and cortical taste processing. The number of disease processes, which can adversely affect taste, are numerous and quite varied in their presentation. There may be contributory involvement of other organ systems within the body, and the appropriate management of taste disorders often requires a multidisciplinary approach to fully understand the disorder. Depending on the underlying cause, taste disorders can be effectively managed when identified. Treatments may include correcting underlying metabolic disturbances, eliminating infections, changing offending medications, replenishing nutritional deficiencies, operating on structural impairments, calming autoimmune processes, and even stabilizing electrochemical interactions.
Topics: Humans; Olfaction Disorders; Peripheral Nerves; Skull; Smell; Taste; Taste Disorders
PubMed: 31604556
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00019-8 -
ELife Jul 2020The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has recently emerged as a serious jolt to human life and economy. Initial knowledge established pulmonary complications as... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has recently emerged as a serious jolt to human life and economy. Initial knowledge established pulmonary complications as the chief symptom, however, the neurological aspect of the disease is also becoming increasingly evident. Emerging reports of encephalopathies and similar ailments with the detection of the virus in the CSF has elicited an urgent need for investigating the possibility of neuroinvasiveness of the virus, which cannot be ruled out given the expression of low levels of ACE2 receptors in the brain. Sensory impairments of the olfactory and gustatory systems have also been reported in a large proportion of the cases, indicating the involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Hence, the possibility of neurological damage caused by the virus demands immediate attention and investigation of the mechanisms involved, so as to customize the treatment of patients presenting with neurological complications.
Topics: Ageusia; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Betacoronavirus; Brain; COVID-19; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coronavirus Infections; Encephalitis, Viral; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Models, Neurological; Nervous System Diseases; Olfaction Disorders; Pandemics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Pneumonia, Viral; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32729463
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.59136 -
The Journal of the Association of... Dec 2020COVID-19 is certainly the greatest global health problem now and for the foreseeable future. Clinicians and scientists from all over the world have been producing...
COVID-19 is certainly the greatest global health problem now and for the foreseeable future. Clinicians and scientists from all over the world have been producing evidence to understand the epidemiology, clinical profile and prognostic factors of COVID-19. In the last six months a large list of COVID-19 symptoms including loss of taste and smell have emerged which can be used for screening and risk stratification. Robust workup of this evidence will help to reach strong conclusions to advance clinical medicine, epidemiology, public health, immunology and evidence-based treatment options in the spectrum of disease that we now know as COVID-19.
Topics: Ageusia; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Olfaction Disorders; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33247646
DOI: No ID Found -
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Oct 2014Alterations in taste and smell, including but not limited to anosmia, ageusia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia, have been described in association with various medications,... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Alterations in taste and smell, including but not limited to anosmia, ageusia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia, have been described in association with various medications, including anesthetic agents. Frequently, these symptoms occur 1-2 weeks after medication administration and last several months. While such a phenomenon is a rare occurrence, it nonetheless can significantly impact patients' satisfaction and quality of life.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
The methodology consisted of a thorough literature search using the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases utilizing keywords such as anosmia, ageusia, olfactory disorders, postoperative, and anesthesia.
RESULTS
Our results yielded several previously published case report, and were not limited to a specific type of anesthesia. Based on available literature, we review the physiology of taste and smell as well as the medications associated with loss of these senses. We describe perioperative agents that could lead to postoperative complications associated with anosmia and and ageusia.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on available literature recommendations for anesthesiologists caring for patients at risk for this occurrence are presented in this review. The symptoms are usually temporary as in the majority of the patients the sensory receptor cells are able to regenerate themselves after injury. Anesthesia providers need to aware of this phenomenon to be able to reassure patients and possibly avoid anesthetic techniques associated with anosmia and ageusia.
PubMed: 25599025
DOI: 10.5812/aapm.18527 -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Oct 2022Anosmia (loss of smell) and Ageusia (loss of taste) are newly presenting independent symptoms in association with multiple symptoms such as Fever, Dry cough and...
Anosmia (loss of smell) and Ageusia (loss of taste) are newly presenting independent symptoms in association with multiple symptoms such as Fever, Dry cough and Breathlessness in COVID 19 Patients.The Study of aims is to estimate Prevalence of Anosmia & Ageusia in Confirmed Covid 19 cases and to assess their Recovery rates. A Study conducted between June 2020 and September 2020 at a tertiary care COVID Dedicated hospital. Total 200 patients with age group 12-70 years Confirmed COVID 19 Positive Patients using RTPCR having mild to moderate symptoms were included. Patients were examined Clinically alongwith all safety measures to analyse prevalence & estimate their recoveries from sensory impairement using 10 item based DyNaCHRON questionnaire(concerned with taste and smell) at 10th, 14th & 21st Day. Out of 200 patients, Prevalence of Isolated Ageusia is 7%, Isolated Anosmia 4.5% and with Anosmia and Ageusia 4%. Complete Recovery regained in Ageusia within 14 days, while Rest all patients of Anosmia and both (Anosmia and Ageusia) within 21 days, Except 2 patients where long term Anosmia persists. Newly onset Anosmia and Ageusia are common in early stages of Covid 19 disease. They are Prevalent in mild to moderate symptomatic form of Diseases. Recovery in most cases is rapid and complete.Early Screening tests performed in suspected COVID 19 patients with loss of taste and smell sensation allows early diagnosis and treatment.
PubMed: 33868972
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02540-w -
American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy Nov 2021Anosmia and ageusia are symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, but the relationship with disease severity, onset and recovery are unclear.
BACKGROUND
Anosmia and ageusia are symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19, but the relationship with disease severity, onset and recovery are unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To examine factors associated with anosmia and ageusia and the recovery from these symptoms in an ethnically diverse cohort.
METHODS
Individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 between March and April 2020 were eligible for the study. Randomly selected participants answered a telephone questionnaire on COVID-19 symptoms with a focus on anosmia and ageusia. Additionally, relevant past medical history and data on the COVID-19 clinical course were obtained from electronic medical records. 486 patients were in the COVID-19 group and 103 were COVID-19-negative.
RESULTS
Patients who were younger were more likely to report anosmia and/or ageusia (odds ratio (OR) for anosmia per 1-year increase in age: 0·98, 95%CI:0-97-0·99, = 0·003; for ageusia: 0·98, 95%CI:0·97-0·99, = 0·005) as were patients with lower eosinophil counts (OR for anosmia per 0.1-K/μL increase in eosinophils: 0·02, 95%CI:0·001-0·46, = 0·01, for ageusia 0·10, 95%CI:0·01-0·97, = 0·047). Male gender was independently associated with a lower probability of ageusia (OR:0·56, 95%CI:0·38-0·82, = 0·003) and earlier sense of taste recovery (HR:1·44, 95%CI:1·05-1·98, = 0·02). Latinos showed earlier sense of taste recovery than white patients (HR:1·82, 95%CI:1·05-3·18, = 0·03).
CONCLUSION
Anosmia and ageusia were more common among younger patients and those with lower blood eosinophil counts. Ageusia was less commonly reported among men, and time to taste recovery was earlier among both men and Latinos.
Topics: Ageusia; Anosmia; COVID-19; Eosinophils; Humans; Infant; Male; Olfaction Disorders; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33813917
DOI: 10.1177/19458924211004800