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Chemosphere Apr 2023Anthracene biodegradation potential has been studied in liquid culture and soil microcosm environment by employing green synthesized TiO nanoparticles (NPs) and...
Anthracene biodegradation potential has been studied in liquid culture and soil microcosm environment by employing green synthesized TiO nanoparticles (NPs) and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8. The bacterium was isolated from crude oil contaminated soil, while TiO nanoparticles were synthesized using Paenibacillus sp. HD1PAH and Cyperus brevifolius which have PAHs remediation abilities. The dual application of TiO nanoparticles and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8 decreases anthracene concentration up to 21.3% in liquid at the end of 7 days and 37.9% in the soil treatments after completion of 30 days. Besides, the GC-MS analysis revealed production of five metabolites including 1,2-anthracenedihydrodiol; 6,7-benzocoumarin; 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; salicylic acid and 9,10-anthraquinone at different time interval of the treatments. Anthracene degradation pathway confirms the breakdown of three ring anthracene to one ring salicylic acid. Additionally, soil dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, catalase and amylase activities increased up to 4.09 folds, 8.6 folds, 4.4 folds, 3.6 folds and 2.1 folds respectively after the combined treatments of TiO nanoparticles and Alcaligenes faecalis HP8. The bacterial biomass and residual anthracene concentration were found to be negatively correlated. Finally, the study brings into light a novel anthracene biodegradation pathway and provides a new dimension in nano assisted bacterial remediation.
Topics: Alcaligenes faecalis; Nanoparticles; Titanium; Anthracenes; Salicylic Acid; Soil; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 36764617
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138102 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Aug 2016Chlorpyrifos (CP) is the most commonly used pesticide in agricultural fields worldwide. Exposure to CP and its metabolites creates severe neuron-disorders in human... (Review)
Review
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is the most commonly used pesticide in agricultural fields worldwide. Exposure to CP and its metabolites creates severe neuron-disorders in human beings. Improper handling and uncontrolled application of CP by farmers have lead to the contamination of surface and ground water bodies. Biodegradation offers an efficient and cost effective method for the removal of CP and other toxic organophosphorus pesticides from the contaminated environment. The degradation of CP by various microorganisms has been investigated by several researchers over the past few years. This review presents a critical summary of the recent published results on the biodegradation of CP. A diverse range of bacterial species such as Agrobacterium sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter sp. Arthrobacter sp. Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas sp. etc., fungal species like Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus niger, Verticillium sp., Acremonium sp. Cladosporium cladosporiodes, etc. and certain algal species viz. Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis, Synechocystis sp., etc., have been shown to degrade CP. The efficacy of these communities for CP degradation in batch and continuous modes has also been discussed but more studies are required on continuous reactors. Also, the available published information on kinetics of biodegradation of CP along with the available results on molecular biological approaches are discussed in this work.
Topics: Bacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Bioreactors; Chlorophyta; Chlorpyrifos; Fungi; Insecticides
PubMed: 25782532
DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1015958 -
Journal, Genetic Engineering &... Nov 2020Due to the multitude industrial applications of ligninolytic enzymes, their demands are increasing. Partial purification and intensive characterization of contemporary...
BACKGROUND
Due to the multitude industrial applications of ligninolytic enzymes, their demands are increasing. Partial purification and intensive characterization of contemporary highly acidic laccase enzyme produced by an Egyptian local isolate designated Alcaligenes faecalis NYSO were studied in the present investigation.
RESULTS
Alcaligenes faecalis NYSO laccase has been partially purified and intensively biochemically characterized. It was noticed that 40-60% ammonium sulfate saturation showed maximum activity. A protein band with an apparent molecular mass of ~ 50 kDa related to NYSO laccase was identified through SDS-PAGE and zymography. The partially purified enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 55 °C and pH suboptimal (2.5-5.0). Remarkable activation for enzyme activity was recognized after 10-min exposure to temperatures (T) 50, 60, and 70 °C; time elongation caused inactivation, where ~ 50% of activity was lost after a 7-h exposure to 60 °C. Some metal ions Cu, Zn, Co Ni, Mn, Cd, Cr, and Mg caused strong stimulation for enzyme activity, but Fe and Hg reduced the activity. One millimolar of chelating agents [ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate, and sodium oxalate] caused strong activation for enzyme activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cysteine-HCl, dithiothreitol (DTT), β-mercaptoethanol, thioglycolic acid, and sodium azide caused strong inhibition for NYSO laccase activity even at low concentration. One millimolar of urea, imidazole, kojic acid, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), HO, and Triton X-100 caused activation. The partially purified NYSO laccase had decolorization activity towards different dyes such as congo red, crystal violet, methylene blue, fast green, basic fuchsin, bromophenol blue, malachite green, bromocresol purple eriochrome black T, and Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 with various degree of degradation. Also, it had a vast range of substrate specificity including lignin, but with high affinity towards p-anisidine.
CONCLUSION
The promising properties of the newly studied laccase enzyme from Alcaligenes faecalis NYSO strain would support several industries such as textile, food, and paper and open the possibility for commercial use in water treatment. It will also open the door to new applications due to its ligninolytic properties in the near future.
PubMed: 33247311
DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00088-w -
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins Oct 2021A strain of Alcaligenes faecalis A12C (A. faecalis A12C) isolated from Argyrosomus regius is a probiotic in fish. Previous experiments showed that A. faecalis A12C had...
A strain of Alcaligenes faecalis A12C (A. faecalis A12C) isolated from Argyrosomus regius is a probiotic in fish. Previous experiments showed that A. faecalis A12C had inhibitory effects on the growth of multidrug-resistant bacteria. We aimed to confirm whether A. faecalis A12C is safe and has adequate intestinal colonization in experimental rats, and evaluate its efficacy in an animal model of peritonitis. We used 30 male rats, randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 5): three groups (HA7, HA15, HA30) received A. faecalis A12C in drinking water (6 × 10 CFU/mL) for 7 days, and three control groups received drinking water only. All groups were evaluated at 7, 15, and 30 days. Survival after A. faecalis A12C administration was 100% in all groups. Mild eosinophilia (1.5%, p < 0.01) and increased aspartate aminotransferase (86 IU/L, p < 0.05) were observed in HA7, followed by progressive normalization. No histological signs of organ injury were found. We observed significant E. coli decline in faeces, parallel to an increase in A. faecalis A12C at 7 days. E. coli had a tendency to recover initial values, while A. faecalis A12C disappeared from the intestinal microbiota at 30 days. To evaluate its efficacy against peritonitis, we studied two additional groups of animals: IA group pretreated with A. faecalis A12C before E. coli intra-abdominal inoculation, and IC group inoculated with no A. faecalis A12C. We found an increase in C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and eosinophils in IC animals when compared with IA. Peritonitis was more evident in IC than in IA animals. Our findings suggest that A. faecalis A12C altered clinically relevant parameters in sepsis and was associated with a lesser spread of infection.
Topics: Alcaligenes faecalis; Animals; Drinking Water; Escherichia coli; Male; Peritonitis; Probiotics; Rats
PubMed: 33713309
DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09767-7 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021A pot experiment was designed and performed in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) to determine the main effect of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria...
A pot experiment was designed and performed in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) to determine the main effect of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their co-inoculation on growth criteria and physio-biochemical attributes of canola plants ( L.) plant grown in saline soil. The results showed that inoculation with two PGPR ( and/or ) energized the growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of stressed plants. Moreover, soluble sugars' and proteins' contents were boosted due to the treatments mentioned above. Proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (HO) contents were markedly declined. At the same time, antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD), were augmented due to the inoculation with and/or . Regarding minerals' uptake, there was a decline in sodium (Na) and an increase in nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) uptake due to the application of either individual or co-inoculation with the mentioned bacterial isolates. This study showed that co-inoculation with and was the most effective treatment and could be considered a premium tool used in facing environmental problems, especially saline soils.
PubMed: 33430173
DOI: 10.3390/plants10010110 -
Biotechnology Reports (Amsterdam,... Mar 2020A laccase producing new bacterial strain ) was isolated from green site of Chandigarh (India) by standard screening method. Nutrient broth medium containing 0.2 mM...
A laccase producing new bacterial strain ) was isolated from green site of Chandigarh (India) by standard screening method. Nutrient broth medium containing 0.2 mM CuSO was used for the production of laccase. Maximum production (110 U/ml) was achieved after four days of incubation. The extracellular laccase from the medium was purified by simple salt precipitation and ion exchange technique to get 3.8 fold purified protein with 1637.8 U/mg specific activity. Purified laccase (named as LAC1*) revealed its optimum activity at pH 8.0 and 80 °C temperature, and displayed remarkable stability in the range of 70-90 °C and in the pH range (pH 7.0-9.0). The single bands on SDS-PAGE represents the purity of LAC1* with molecular weight of ∼71 kDa. The kinetic parameters for 2,6-DMP oxidation was K, V and k were 480 μM, 110 U/mL and 1375 s. Enzyme activity of the LAC1* was significantly enhanced by Cu, Mg, Mn SDS and NaCl, and was slightly inhibited in the presence of conventional inhibitors like cysteine, EDTA and sodium azide. Extracellular nature and significant stability of LAC1* under extreme conditions of temperature, pH, heavy metals, halides and detergents confined its suitability for various biotechnological and industrial applications which required these qualities of laccase. So after recognizing all these properties the purified laccase was studied for its application in decolorization of industrial dyes.
PubMed: 31890646
DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00413 -
Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2022Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a pathogen of global concern due to the fact that therapeutic drugs are limited. Metallo-β-lactamase...
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) is a pathogen of global concern due to the fact that therapeutic drugs are limited. Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing P. aeruginosa has become a critical part of CRPA. Alcaligenes faecalis metallo-β-lactamase (AFM) is a newly identified subclass B1b MBL. In this study, 487 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients and the environment in an intensive care unit were screened for AFM alleles. Five AFM-producing strains were identified, including four AFM-2-producing strains (ST262) and one AFM-4-producing strain (ST671). AFM-2-producing strains were isolated from rectal and throat swabs, and AFM-4-producing strains were isolated from the water sink. The carrying plasmids belonged to the IncP-2 type, while the carrying plasmid pAR19438 was a pSTY-like megaplasmid. Plasmid pAR19438 was acquired by the integration of the Tn-like transposon. All genes were embedded in an IS- unit core module flanked by class 1 integrons. The core module of was IS-Δ---Δ-ΔIS, while the core module of was IS-Δ---Δ-IS-----ΔIS. The flanking sequences of IS- units also differed. The expression of AFM-2 and AFM-4 in DH5α and PAO1 illustrated the same effect for the evaluation of the MICs of β-lactams, except for aztreonam. Identification of AFM-4 underscores that the quick spread and emerging development of mutants of MBLs require continuous surveillance in P. aeruginosa. Acquiring metallo-β-lactamase genes is one of the important carbapenem resistance mechanisms of P. aeruginosa. Alcaligenes faecalis metallo-β-lactamase is a newly identified metallo-β-lactamase, the prevalence and genetic context of which need to be explored. In this study, we identified AFM-producing P. aeruginosa strains among clinical isolates and found a new mutant of AFM, AFM-4. The carrying plasmid pAR19438 was a pSTY-like megaplasmid, unlike the plasmids encoding other alleles. The genetic context of was also different. However, AFM-2 and AFM-4 had the same impacts on antibiotic susceptibility. The presence and transmission of AFM alleles in P. aeruginosa pose a challenge to clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Alleles; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aztreonam; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; Carbapenems; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections
PubMed: 36000902
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02035-22 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021spp., including , is a gram-negative facultative bacterium uniquely residing inside the Peyer's patches. We previously showed that -derived lipopolysaccharides ( LPS)...
spp., including , is a gram-negative facultative bacterium uniquely residing inside the Peyer's patches. We previously showed that -derived lipopolysaccharides ( LPS) acts as a weak agonist of toll-like receptor 4 to activate dendritic cells and shows adjuvant activity by enhancing IgG and Th17 responses to systemic vaccination. Here, we examined the efficacy of LPS as a nasal vaccine adjuvant. Nasal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) plus LPS induced follicular T helper cells and germinal center formation in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs), and consequently enhanced OVA-specific IgA and IgG responses in the respiratory tract and serum. In addition, nasal immunization with OVA plus LPS induced OVA-specific T cells producing IL-17 and/or IL-10, whereas nasal immunization with OVA plus cholera toxin (CT) induced OVA-specific T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17, which are recognized as pathogenic type of Th17 cells. In addition, CT, but not LPS, promoted the production of TNF-α and IL-5 by T cells. Nasal immunization with OVA plus CT, but not LPS, led to increased numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in the nasal cavity. Together, these findings indicate that the benign nature of LPS is an effective nasal vaccine adjuvant that induces antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses without activation of inflammatory cascade after nasal administration.
Topics: Adjuvants, Vaccine; Administration, Intranasal; Alcaligenes faecalis; Animals; Female; Immunoglobulin A; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Ovalbumin; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 34276692
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699349 -
The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2016Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an extensively prescribed or administered antibiotic pharmaceutical product, is usually detected in aquatic environments, because of its...
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an extensively prescribed or administered antibiotic pharmaceutical product, is usually detected in aquatic environments, because of its incomplete metabolism and elimination. This study investigated the effects of exogenous cofactors on the bioremoval and biotransformation of SMX by Alcaligenes faecalis. High concentration (100mg·L(-1)) of exogenous vitamin C (VC), vitamin B6 (VB6) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) enhanced SMX bioremoval, while the additions of vitamin B2 (VB2) and vitamin B12 (VB12) did not significantly alter the SMX removal efficiency. Globally, cellular growth of A. faecalis and SMX removal both initially increased and then gradually decreased, indicating that SMX bioremoval is likely dependent on the primary biomass activity of A. faecalis. The decreases in the SMX removal efficiency indicated that some metabolites of SMX might be transformed into parent compound at the last stage of incubation. Two transformation products of SMX, N-hydroxy sulfamethoxazole (HO-SMX) and N4-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (Ac-SMX), were identified by a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer. High concentrations of VC, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH, 7.1mg·L(-1)), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+), 6.6mg·L(-1)), and low concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH, 0.1 and 10mg·L(-1)) and VB2 (1mg·L(-1)) remarkably increased the formation of HO-SMX, while VB12 showed opposite effects on HO-SMX formation. In addition, low concentrations of GSH and NADH enhanced Ac-SMX formation by the addition of A. faecalis, whereas cofactors (VC, VB2, VB12, NAD(+), and GSSG) had no obvious impact on the formation of Ac-SMX compared with the controls. The levels of Ac-SMX were stable when biomass of A. faecalis gradually decreased, indicating the direct effect of biomass on the formation of Ac-SMX by A. faecalis. In sum, these results help us understand the roles played by exogenous cofactors in eliminating SMX by A. faecalis and provide potential strategies for improving SMX biodegradation.
Topics: Alcaligenes faecalis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biotransformation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Sulfamethoxazole; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 27203516
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.063 -
Vaccines Mar 2022This study involved therapeutic targets mining for the extremely drug-resistant bacterial species called , which is known to infect humans. The infections caused by this...
This study involved therapeutic targets mining for the extremely drug-resistant bacterial species called , which is known to infect humans. The infections caused by this species in different parts of the human body have been linked with a higher degree of resistance to several classes of antibiotics. Meanwhile, alternate therapeutic options are needed to treat these bacterial infections in clinical settings. In the current study, a subtractive proteomics approach was adapted to annotate the whole proteome of and prioritize target proteins for vaccine-related therapeutics design. This was followed by targeted protein-specific immune epitope prediction and prioritization. The shortlisted epitopes were further subjected to structural design and in silico validation of putative vaccines against . The final vaccine designs were also evaluated for potential interaction analysis with human TLR-2 through molecular docking. Finally, the putative vaccines were subjected to in silico cloning and immune simulation approaches to ensure the feasibility of the target-specific vaccine constructs in further experimental designs.
PubMed: 35335094
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030462