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Physiological Reports Mar 2021Exercise is able to increase both muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, acidosis, which can occur in pathological states as well as during...
AIM
Exercise is able to increase both muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, acidosis, which can occur in pathological states as well as during high-intensity exercise, can decrease mitochondrial function, whilst its impact on muscle protein synthesis is disputed. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a mild physiological decrease in pH, by administration of ammonium chloride, on myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis, as well as associated molecular signaling events.
METHODS
Male Wistar rats were given either a placebo or ammonium chloride prior to a short interval training session. Rats were killed before exercise, immediately after exercise, or 3 h after exercise.
RESULTS
Myofibrillar (p = 0.036) fractional protein synthesis rates was increased immediately after exercise in the soleus muscle of the placebo group, but this effect was absent in the ammonium chloride group. However, in the gastrocnemius muscle NH Cl increased myofibrillar (p = 0.044) and mitochondrial protein synthesis (0 h after exercise p = 0.01; 3 h after exercise p = 0.003). This was accompanied by some small differences in protein phosphorylation and mRNA expression.
CONCLUSION
This study found ammonium chloride administration immediately prior to a single session of exercise in rats had differing effects on mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in soleus (type I) and gastrocnemius (type II) muscle in rats.
Topics: Acidosis; Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Male; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Proteins; Muscle Proteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Myofibrils; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Rats, Wistar; Rats
PubMed: 33769716
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14797 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Mar 2023Surfactants could influence sludge morphology and disinfectants were linked to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Thus, the response of activated sludge and ARGs to...
Surfactants could influence sludge morphology and disinfectants were linked to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Thus, the response of activated sludge and ARGs to long-term quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) exposure required further investigation, which is a popular surfactant and disinfectant. Here, three sequencing batch reactors were fed with 5 mg/L most frequently detected QACs (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ATMAC C12), dodecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BAC C12) and didodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC C12)) for 180 d. The long-term inhibitory effect on denitrification ranked: DADMAC C12 > BAC C12 > ATMAC C12. Besides, obvious granular sludge promoted by the increase of α-Helix/(β-Sheet + Random coil) appeared in DADMAC C12 system. Moreover, intracellular ARGs increased when denitrification systems encountered QACs acutely but decreased in systems chronically exposed to QACs. Although replication and repair metabolism in ATMAC C12 system was higher, ATMAC C12 significantly promoted proliferation of extracellular ARGs. It was noteworthy that the propagation risk of extracellular ARGs in sludge increased significantly during sludge granulation process, and intracellular sul2 genes in sludge and water both increased with the granular diameter in DADMAC C12 system. The universal utilization of QACs may enhance antibiotic resistance of bacteria in wastewater treatment plants, deserving more attention.
Topics: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sewage; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ammonium Chloride; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Genes, Bacterial
PubMed: 36444811
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130464 -
American Journal of Kidney Diseases :... Dec 2018
Topics: Acid-Base Imbalance; Acidosis; Adult; Ammonium Chloride; Creatinine; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Reference Values; Urinalysis; Urine
PubMed: 30297083
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.07.018 -
Marine Drugs Jan 2022-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), a cationic quaternary ammonium salt polymer exhibiting good solubility in water, is widely used because of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), a cationic quaternary ammonium salt polymer exhibiting good solubility in water, is widely used because of its low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Herein, through ion exchange reaction, we prepared -2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chitosan derivatives bearing amino acid Schiff bases with good biological activities. The accuracy of the structures was verified by FT-IR and H NMR. The antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, and scavenging ability of DPPH radical and superoxide radical of HACC derivatives were significantly improved compared with that of HACC. In particular, HACGM (HACC-potassium 2-((2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)acetate) and HACGB (HACC-potassium 2-((5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)acetate) showed good inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi, including , , and f. sp. . The inhibition rate of HACGB on and could reach 100% at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and the inhibition rate of HACGM and HACGB on and f. sp. could also reach 100% at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Improving antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of HACC could provide ideas and experiences for the development and utilization of chitosan derivatives.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Chitosan; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Schiff Bases; Solubility; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 35200616
DOI: 10.3390/md20020086 -
Cellulose (London, England) 2021Cationization of cotton fabrics was performed by exhaustion procedure utilizing four different reagents provided with quaternary ammonium groups: poly...
UNLABELLED
Cationization of cotton fabrics was performed by exhaustion procedure utilizing four different reagents provided with quaternary ammonium groups: poly diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDACl), poly acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PAcD), poly[bis(2-chloroethyl) ether-alt-1,3-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]urea] quaternized (P42) and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CHPTAC). Pretreated samples were dyed using Reactive Red 195 dye. The cationic fabrics were analyzed by colorimetric and fastness properties, zeta potential, SEM, FTIR and an estimate of the bactericidal effect. Cationic cotton treated with PDDACl and CHPTAC showed a higher affinity for the reactive dye, with color strength (K/S) values varying from 41 to 48, against 32 for conventional dyeing. P42 presented competitive results with K/S of 27-28. The cationic dyeing considerably reduced the amount of effluent, especially for the CHPTAC samples, which requires a single washing bath for complete removal of unfixed dye. The PDDACl and P42 samples presented bactericidal activity.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04260-4.
PubMed: 34720463
DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04260-4 -
Combinatorial Chemistry & High... 2020The study aims at the derivatization of "Phthalides" and synthesizes 3- arylaminophthalides & 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds, and evaluates their anti-tubercular and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The study aims at the derivatization of "Phthalides" and synthesizes 3- arylaminophthalides & 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds, and evaluates their anti-tubercular and antioxidant activities. The study has also intended to employ the in silico methods for the identification of possible drug targets in Mycobacterium and evaluate the binding affinities of synthesized compounds.
METHODS
This report briefly explains the synthesis of phthalide derivatives using ammonium chloride. The synthesized compounds were characterized using spectral analysis. Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA) plate method was used to demonstrate the anti-mycobacterial activity of the synthesized compounds. An in-silico pharmacophore probing approach was used for target identification in Mycobacterium. The structural level interaction between the identified putative drug target and synthesized phthalides was studied using Lamarckian genetic algorithm-based software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the present study, we report an effective, environmentally benign scheme for the synthesis of phthalide derivatives. Compounds 5c and 5d from the current series appear to possess good anti-mycobacterial activity. dCTP: deaminasedUTPase was identified as a putative drug target in Mycobacterium. The docking results clearly showed the interactive involvement of conserved residues of dCTP with the synthesized phthalide compounds.
CONCLUSION
On the eve of evolving anti-TB drug resistance, the data on anti-tubercular and allied activities of the compounds in the present study demonstrates the enormous significance of these newly synthesized derivatives as possible candidate leads in the development of novel anti-tubercular agents. The docking results from the current report provide a structural rationale for the promising anti-tubercular activity demonstrated by 3-arylaminophthalides and 3-indolyl-phthalides compounds.
Topics: Algorithms; Ammonium Chloride; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Benzofurans; Drug Design; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Docking Simulation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nucleotide Deaminases; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32321396
DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200422082754 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022It is known that ammonium has a higher permeability through anion exchange and bipolar membranes compared to K+ cation that has the same mobility in water. However, the...
It is known that ammonium has a higher permeability through anion exchange and bipolar membranes compared to K+ cation that has the same mobility in water. However, the mechanism of this high permeability is not clear enough. In this study, we develop a mathematical model based on the Nernst−Planck and Poisson’s equations for the diffusion of ammonium chloride through an anion-exchange membrane; proton-exchange reactions between ammonium, water and ammonia are taken into account. It is assumed that ammonium, chloride and OH− ions can only pass through membrane hydrophilic pores, while ammonia can also dissolve in membrane matrix fragments not containing water and diffuse through these fragments. It is found that due to the Donnan exclusion of H+ ions as coions, the pH in the membrane internal solution increases when approaching the membrane side facing distilled water. Consequently, there is a change in the principal nitrogen-atom carrier in the membrane: in the part close to the side facing the feed NH4Cl solution (pH < 8.8), it is the NH4+ cation, and in the part close to distilled water, NH3 molecules. The concentration of NH4+ reaches almost zero at a point close to the middle of the membrane cross-section, which approximately halves the effective thickness of the diffusion layer for the transport of this ion. When NH3 takes over the nitrogen transport, it only needs to pass through the other half of the membrane. Leaving the membrane, it captures an H+ ion from water, and the released OH− moves towards the membrane side facing the feed solution to meet the NH4+ ions. The comparison of the simulation with experiment shows a satisfactory agreement.
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Chloride; Ammonium Compounds; Anions; Chlorides; Nitrogen; Permeability; Water
PubMed: 35628589
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105782 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2023Lignin-based flocculants are widely used for wastewater purification, but their application in sludge dewatering has not yet been documented. In this study, a novel...
Lignin-based flocculants are widely used for wastewater purification, but their application in sludge dewatering has not yet been documented. In this study, a novel cationic lignin-based flocculant named LS-g-CPA was prepared by grafting cationic polyacrylamide (CPA) synthesized from methacryloyloxy ethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and acrylamide (AM) onto sodium lignosulfonate (LS), and its roles and underlying mechanisms in sludge conditioning were investigated. The results showed that LS-g-CPA effectively improved the dewaterability of sludge, reducing the filtration resistance and filter cake moisture content of sludge from 0.61 ± 0.05 × 10 m/kg to 0.14 ± 0.02 × 10 m/kg and 85.64 ± 0.25 % to 76.84 ± 0.41 %, respectively. The dewatering performance of LS-g-CPA was positively correlated with the DMC/AM ratio. The quaternary ammonium groups brought by DMC disrupted the reticular structure of extracellular polymeric substances, exposing hydrophobic residues and releasing bound water. Nevertheless, the key to LS-g-CPA for improving sludge dewatering lies more in the amphoteric flocculant properties that enhance sludge flocculation and the octopus-type structure that provides good drainage channels. This study reveals that lignin-based flocculants are effective in improving the dewaterability of sludge, which provides direct evidence for their application in sludge dewatering.
PubMed: 37696410
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166958 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Oct 2021Studies were conducted to assess the biodegradability and toxicity of the cationic surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTMAC) in sea water samples collected...
Studies were conducted to assess the biodegradability and toxicity of the cationic surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTMAC) in sea water samples collected from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain). Ultimate biodegradation was studied following the guideline proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Growth inhibition tests on five marine microalgae species and mortality tests on a marine crustacean (Artemia franciscana) were carried out. Biodegradation process was modelled according to a logistic kinetic model. Lag time and half-life were 15.17 and 26.95 days, respectively. Depending on the microalgae, 96-h EC50 values ranged from 0.69 to 6.34 mg L DTMAC, respectively. 48-h and 72-h LC50 to A. franciscana were 46.74 and 34.19 mg L DTMAC, respectively. The results indicate that DTMAC can be mineralised in sea water. Marine crustacean was more resistant than the microalgae. Surfactant tolerance on microalgae followed this order: T. chuii > N. gaditana > C. gracilis ≈ I. galbana ≈ D. salina, being the Green microalgae T. chuii the most tolerant.
Topics: Animals; Artemia; Microalgae; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Seawater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34024032
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14443-y -
Carbohydrate Polymers Feb 2020Chitosan (CS) and its water-soluble derivatives, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) and sulfated chitosan (SCS), were used as adjuvants of...
Chitosan (CS) and its water-soluble derivatives, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) and sulfated chitosan (SCS), were used as adjuvants of inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. First, NDV-loaded and blank CS, HACC/CS and SCS nanoparticles were prepared. The particle sizes were respectively 343.43 ± 4.12, 320.03 ± 0.84, 156.2 ± 9.29 nm and the zeta potentials were respectively +19.67 ± 0.58, +18.3 ± 0.5, -17.8 ± 2.65 mV under the optimal conditions. Then chickens were immunized with nanoparticles or commercial inactivated oil emulsion vaccine. After immunization, the humoral immunity levels of the chickens were evaluated. The cellular immunity levels were determined by the quantification of cytokines, lymphocyte proliferation assay, the percentages of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Finally, the chickens were challenged with highly virulent virus. The results demonstrated that the humoral immunity levels in NDV-loaded CS and HACC/CS nanoparticles groups were lower than commercial vaccine but the cellular immunity levels are better. Moreover, the prevention effects of NDV-loaded CS and HACC/CS nanoparticles against highly virulent NDV are comparable to commercial vaccine. Our study provides the basis of developing HACC and CS as effective vaccine adjuvants.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Chickens; Chitosan; Cytokines; Immunity, Humoral; Lymphocytes; Mice; Nanoparticles; Newcastle Disease; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; RAW 264.7 Cells; Vaccination; Vaccines, Inactivated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31826462
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115423