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PloS One 2023Nitrogen use efficiency is an important index in ruminants and can be indirectly evaluated through the N isotopic discrimination between the animal and its diet...
Nitrogen use efficiency is an important index in ruminants and can be indirectly evaluated through the N isotopic discrimination between the animal and its diet (Δ15Nanimal-diet). The concentration and source of N may determine both the extent of the N isotopic discrimination in bacteria and N use efficiency. We hypothesised that the uptake and release of ammonia by rumen bacteria will affect the natural 15N enrichment of the bacterial biomass over their substrates (Δ15Nbacteria-substrate) and thereby further impacting Δ15Nanimal-diet. To test this hypothesis, two independent in vitro experiments were conducted using two contrasting N sources (organic vs inorganic) at different levels either in pure rumen bacteria culture incubations (Experiment #1) or in mixed rumen cultures (Experiment #2). In Experiment #1, tryptone casein or ammonium chloride were tested at low (1 mM N) and high (11.5 mM N) concentrations on three rumen bacterial strains (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Eubacterium limosum and Xylanibacter ruminicola) incubated in triplicate in anaerobic batch monocultures during 48h. In Experiment #2 mixed rumen cultures were incubated during 120 h with peptone or ammonium chloride at five different levels of N (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 12-mM). In experiment #1, Δ15Nbacteria-substrate was lowest when the ammonia-consumer bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes was grown on ammonium chloride, and highest when the proteolytic bacterial strain Xylanibacter ruminicola was grown on tryptone. In experiment #2, Δ15Nbacteria-substrate was lower with inorganic (ammonium chloride) vs organic (peptone) N source. A strong negative correlation between Δ15Nbacteria-substrate and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, a potential fibrolytic rumen bacterium, was detected. Together, our results showed that Δ15Nbacteria-substrate may change according to the balance between synthesis of microbial protein from ammonia versus non-ammonia N sources and confirm the key role of rumen bacteria as modulators of Δ15Nanimal-diet.
Topics: Animals; Nitrogen Isotopes; Ammonium Chloride; Peptones; Rumen; Bacteria; Nitrogen; Ammonia; Bacteroides
PubMed: 37703250
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291243 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Apr 2021The mechanism for protein stabilization or destabilization has long been an open quest. In the present study, we have studied the interactions between amino acids and...
The mechanism for protein stabilization or destabilization has long been an open quest. In the present study, we have studied the interactions between amino acids and guanidinium (Gdm)/ammonium (NH) ions by using low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), where Gdm and NH are denaturant and stabilizer for proteins, respectively. It shows that Gdm favors to bind to the thiol group or the hydroxyl group on the side chain but weakly interacts with the α-carboxyl group. In contrast, NH prefers to bind to the α-carboxyl group but slightly interacts with the thiol group or the hydroxyl group on the side chain of amino acids. HNMR reveals the hydrogen bonding between NH and the α-carboxyl group, which is not involved in the interactions between Gdm and cysteine. Our study demonstrates that the strong interactions between the denaturant and the sulfur atom or the disulfide bond promote the direct binding of the denaturant toward proteins, leading to the destabilization.
Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonium Chloride; Cations; Guanidine; Hydrogen; Protein Stability; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Solutions
PubMed: 33631673
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.017 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Feb 2022We found through previous research that hyperammonemia can cause secondary liver damage. However, whether hepatocytes are target cells of ammonia toxicity and whether...
BACKGROUND
We found through previous research that hyperammonemia can cause secondary liver damage. However, whether hepatocytes are target cells of ammonia toxicity and whether hyperammonemia affects hepatocyte metabolism remain unknown.
AIMS
The purpose of the current study is to examine whether the hepatocyte is a specific target cell of ammonia toxicity and whether hyperammonemia can interfere with hepatocyte metabolism.
METHODS
Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed in primary hepatocytes and other cells that had been exposed to ammonium chloride. Western blotting was adopted to examine the expression of proteins related to ammonia transport. We also established a metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to understand the characteristics of the hepatocyte metabolic spectrum in a hyperammonemia microenvironment, to screen and identify differential metabolites, and to determine the differential metabolic pathway. Different technologies were used to verify the differential metabolic pathways.
RESULTS
Hepatocytes are target cells of ammonia toxicity. The mechanism is related to the ammonia transporter. Hyperammonemia interferes with hepatocyte metabolism, which leads to TCA cycle, urea cycle, and RNA synthesis disorder.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that hepatocyte growth and metabolism are disturbed in a hyperammonemia microenvironment, which further deteriorates hepatocyte function.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cellular Microenvironment; Citric Acid Cycle; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hepatocytes; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Metabolomics
PubMed: 34932992
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109109 -
Urology Journal Dec 2023This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ziziphus jujuba (Z. jujuba) leaf hydroalcoholic extract on the prevention/treatment of kidney stones.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ziziphus jujuba (Z. jujuba) leaf hydroalcoholic extract on the prevention/treatment of kidney stones.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Sham (kidney stone induction (KSI) by ethylene glycol 1% + ammonium chloride 0.25% through drinking water for 28 days), Prevention groups 1, 2 (KSI and Z. jujuba leaf (250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) through gavage for 28 days), and Treatment groups 1, 2 (KSI and Z. jujuba leaf (250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) from the 15th day). On the 29th day, the rats' 24-hour urine was assessed, the animals were weighed, and blood samples were taken. Finally, after nephrectomy and weighing the kidneys, tissue sections were prepared to examine the number of calcium oxalate crystals and tissue changes.
RESULTS
The results indicated a significant increase in kidney weight and index, tissue changes, and the number of calcium oxalate crystals in the Sham group compared to the control; using Z. jujuba leaf considerably reduced them in experimental groups compared to the Sham. Body weight decreased in the Sham and experimental groups (except the prevention 2 group) compared to the control, while this observed reduction was lower in all experimental groups compared to the Sham. The mean urinary calcium, uric acid, creatinine, and serum creatinine in Sham and experimental groups (except the prevention 2 group) indicated a substantial increase compared to the control and decreased significantly in all experimental groups compared to the Sham.
CONCLUSION
Hydroalcoholic extract of Z. jujuba leaf is effective in the reduction of calcium oxalate crystals forming, and its most effective dose was 500mg/kg.
Topics: Animals; Male; Rats; Ammonium Chloride; Calcium Oxalate; Creatinine; Ethylene Glycol; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats, Wistar; Ziziphus
PubMed: 37245086
DOI: 10.22037/uj.v20i.7347 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Jan 2023Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of authorisation of...
Assessment of the feed additive consisting of ammonium chloride (Amoklor™) for all ruminants, dogs and cats for the renewal of its authorisation and its extension of use to sows (Latochema Co Ltd).
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for the renewal of authorisation of ammonium chloride (Amoklor™) as a zootechnical additive for all ruminants, dogs and cats and its extension of use in sows for urinary health. The applicant provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. There is no new evidence that would lead the FEEDAP Panel to reconsider its previous conclusions. Thus, the Panel concludes that the additive remains safe for ruminants other than lambs for fattening, lambs for fattening, cats and dogs, consumers and the environment under the current authorised conditions of use. Inhalation exposure of the additive is considered very likely. Amoklor™ should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser but not a skin sensitiser. The additive is not irritant to the skin, but the Panel could not conclude on its eye irritation potential. The present application for renewal of the authorisation does not include a proposal for amending or supplementing the conditions of the original authorisation that would have an impact on the efficacy of the additive. Therefore, there was no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation. Regarding the extension of use in sows, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additive is safe and efficacious for sows at the inclusion level of 5,000 mg/kg feedingstuffs from week 9th to 11th of gestation and from week 15th of gestation to 1st of lactation.
PubMed: 36643906
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7696 -
Heliyon Nov 2023Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) caused by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is a serious challenge in many industries, but biofilm greatly decreases the...
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) caused by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is a serious challenge in many industries, but biofilm greatly decreases the toxicity of bactericides to cell inside. d-amino acids are potential enhancers for bactericides due to their excellent performance on biofilm inhibition. However, the mechanism of d-amino acid cooperating with bactericides for MIC inhibition is still unknown. In this study, d-tyrosine(D-Tyr)and disoctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) were selected as the typical d-amino acid and bactericide, respectively, to evaluate their synergetic inhibition on the corrosion caused by . D-Tyr obviously enhanced the role of DDAC in inhibiting corrosion with high corrosion inhibition efficiency at 77.23 %. The attachment of EPS and live cells on the coupon surface decreased in the presence of D-Try, leading to more cells directly exposed to DDAC. Besides, D-Try decreased the amount of live cells on the surface and thus reduced the utilization of Fe by SRB and corrosion current. Moreover, dead cells settling to the coupon surface may form a protective lay to retard the contact between live SRB and Fe, leading to slow cathode reaction and less corrosion. Therefore, D-Tyr can reduce the coverage of biofilm, thereby reducing its protective effect on SRB and achieving better corrosion inhibition effect. This work provides a new strategy for improving bactericides and inhibiting MIC.
PubMed: 38027556
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21755 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2021Next to rumen acidosis, other forms of acidosis may also affect lactational performance of cows. Therefore, the effects of hindgut acidosis, induced via abomasal...
Next to rumen acidosis, other forms of acidosis may also affect lactational performance of cows. Therefore, the effects of hindgut acidosis, induced via abomasal infusion of ground corn, and metabolic acidosis, induced via abomasal infusion of NHCl, were studied in cows in early lactation. Observations were made on intake and digestibility of nutrients, lactation performance, energy and N partitioning, blood acid-base status, and rumen and hindgut fermentation characteristics. In a 6 × 6 Latin square design, 6 rumen-fistulated, second-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (48 ± 17 d in milk) were subjected to 5 d of continuous abomasal infusions of water as control, or solutions of 2.5 mol of NHCl/d, 5.0 mol of NHCl/d, 3.0 kg of ground corn/d, or the combination of ground corn with either of the 2 NHCl levels, followed by 2 d of rest. Treatment solutions were administered via peristaltic pumps through infusion lines attached to the rumen cannula plug and an abomasal infusion line with a flexible disk (equipped with holes to allow digesta passage) to secure its placement through the sulcus omasi. A total mixed ration consisting of 70% grass silage and 30% concentrate (on dry matter basis) was fed at 95% of ad libitum intake of individual cows. The experiment was conducted in climate respiration chambers to determine feed intake, lactation performance, and energy and N balance. Abomasal infusion of NHCl affected the acid-base status of the cows, but more strongly when in combination with abomasal infusion of ground corn. Metabolic acidosis (defined as a blood pH < 7.40, blood HCO concentration < 25.0 mmol/L, and a negative base excess) was observed with 5.0 mol of NHCl/d, 3.0 kg of ground corn/d + 2.5 mol of NHCl/d, and 3.0 kg of ground corn/d + 5.0 mol of NHCl/d. Metabolic acidosis was associated with decreased milk lactose content, metabolic body weight, energy retained as protein, and fecal N excretion, and increased urine N excretion, and tended to decrease intake of nutrients. Digestibility of several nutrients increased with 5.0 mol of NHCl/d, likely as a result of decreased intake. Abomasal ground corn infusion resulted in hindgut acidosis, where fecal pH decreased from 6.86 without ground corn to 6.00 with ground corn, regardless of NHCl level. The decrease in fecal pH was likely the result of increased hindgut fermentation, evidenced by increased fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations. Hindgut acidosis was associated with decreased digestibility of nutrients, except for starch, which increased, and crude fat, which was not affected. No systemic inflammatory response was observed, suggesting that the hindgut epithelium was not severely affected by the more acidic conditions or barrier damage. Abomasal infusion of ground corn increased milk yield, milk protein and lactose yield, fecal N excretion, N use efficiency, and total energy retained as well as energy retained in fat, and reduced milk fat content and urine N excretion.
Topics: Acidosis; Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diet; Digestion; Female; Fermentation; Lactation; Rumen; Silage; Zea mays
PubMed: 33485681
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19300 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2020Various bioactive metabolites used as food or food additives in Asia for centuries are subjected to constant physical and chemical changes and different genus. With...
Quantitative Proteomics Analysis by Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Inhibition Mechanism of Pigments and Citrinin Production of Response to High Ammonium Chloride Concentration.
Various bioactive metabolites used as food or food additives in Asia for centuries are subjected to constant physical and chemical changes and different genus. With the aim to identify enzymes that participate in or indirectly regulate the pigments and citrinin biosynthesis pathways of cultured under high ammonium chloride, the changes of the proteome profile were examined using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra-mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approach in combination with bioinformatics analysis A total of 292 proteins were confidently detected and quantified in each sample, including 163 that increased and 129 that decreased (-tests, p ≤ 0.05). Pathway analysis indicated that high ammonium chloride in the present study accelerates the carbon substrate utilization and promotes the activity of key enzymes in glycolysis and β-oxidation of fatty acid catabolism to generate sufficient acetyl-CoA. However, the synthesis of the monascus pigments and citrinin was not enhanced because of inhibition of the polyketide synthase activity. All results demonstrated that the cause of initiation of pigments and citrinin synthesis is mainly due to the apparent inhibition of acyl and acetyl transfer by some acyltransferase and acetyltransferase, likely malony-CoA:ACP transacylase.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Acyltransferases; Ammonium Chloride; Citrinin; Fungal Proteins; Mass Spectrometry; Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Proteomics
PubMed: 31870144
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05852 -
Journal of Virological Methods Sep 2018The inhibitory effects of ammonium chloride (NHCl) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride on betanodavirus were evaluated on Sahul Indian sea bass kidney (SISK) cell line. The...
The inhibitory effects of ammonium chloride (NHCl) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride on betanodavirus were evaluated on Sahul Indian sea bass kidney (SISK) cell line. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations of NHCl (0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM and 500 mM) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM and 500 μM) were assessed in SISK cells using different cytotoxic assays. Among the selected concentrations, 0.1 mM, 1 mM and 10 mM of NHCl and chlorpromazine hydrochloride at the dose of 1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM were found to be non-toxic to the SISK cell line and same were chosen for the trials against nodavirus. The presence of nodavirus in the infected cells was confirmed by cytopathic effect (CPE) and RT-PCR (Reverse transcriptase PCR). NHCl of 1 mM and 10 mM, and chlorpromazine hydrochloride of 10 μM and 100 μM could successfully inhibit betanodavirus infection in SISK cells, which was confirmed by indirect ELISA and real-time PCR analysis. The result further suggested that the chlorpromazine hydrochloride drug could be more effective in inhibiting the betanodavirus with much lower dose than NHCl which was more effective at a higher dose. The present study thus suggested that NHCl and chlorpromazine hydrochloride drugs could be successfully used for controlling the nodavirus infection in aquaculture.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chlorpromazine; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fishes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nodaviridae; RNA, Viral; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 29890241
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.005 -
Journal of Environmental Management Jul 2023Bromide ion (Br) is known as a prevalent component in water environments, which exhibits significant impacts on halonitromethanes (HNMs) formation. This study was...
Formation, toxicity, and mechanisms of halonitromethanes from poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) during UV/monochloramine disinfection in the absence and presence of bromide ion.
Bromide ion (Br) is known as a prevalent component in water environments, which exhibits significant impacts on halonitromethanes (HNMs) formation. This study was performed to explore and compare the formation, toxicity, and mechanisms of HNMs from poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDACl) in the absence and presence of Br in the UV/monochloramine (UV/NHCl) disinfection process. The results showed that chlorinated HNMs were found in the absence of Br, while brominated (chlorinated) HNMs and brominated HNMs were found in the presence of Br. Furthermore, the peaks of total HNMs were promoted by 2.0 and 2.4 times, respectively when 1.0 and 2.0 mg L Br were added. Also, the peaks of total HNMs were enhanced with the increase of the NHCl dosage, which were reduced with the increase of pH. It should be noted that Br induced higher toxicity of HNMs, and the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HNMs with the addition of 2.0 mg L Br were 78.0 and 3.7 times those without the addition of Br, respectively. Meanwhile, both the reaction mechanisms of HNMs produced from PDDACl were speculated in the absence and presence of Br. Finally, different HNMs species and yields were discovered in these two real water samples compared to those in simulated waters. These findings of this work will be conducive to understanding the significance of Br affecting HNMs formation and toxicity in the disinfection process.
Topics: Disinfection; Disinfectants; Bromides; Ammonium Chloride; Halogenation; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Chlorine
PubMed: 36996559
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117819