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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Ammonia is an important rumen internal environment indicator. In livestock production, feeding a large amount of non-protein nitrogen to ruminants will create high...
Ammonia is an important rumen internal environment indicator. In livestock production, feeding a large amount of non-protein nitrogen to ruminants will create high ammonia stress to the animals, which increases the risk of ammonia toxicity. However, the effects of ammonia toxicity on rumen microbiota and fermentation are still unknown. In this study, an rumen fermentation technique was used to investigate the effects of different concentrations of ammonia on rumen microbiota and fermentation. To achieve the four final total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of 0, 8, 32, and 128 mmol/L, ammonium chloride (NHCl) was added at 0, 42.8, 171.2, and 686.8 mg/100 mL, and urea was added at 0, 24, 96, and 384 mg/100 mL. Urea hydrolysis increased, while NHCl dissociation slightly reduced the pH. At similar concentrations of TAN, the increased pH of the rumen culture by urea addition resulted in a much higher free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) concentration compared to NHCl addition. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between FAN and microbial populations (total bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and methanogens) and rumen fermentation profiles (gas production, dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, etc.), and a much weaker correlation between TAN and the above indicators. Additionally, bacterial community structure changed differently in response to TAN concentrations. High TAN increased Gram-positive Firmicutes and Actinobacteria but reduced Gram-negative Fibrobacteres and Spirochaetes. The current study demonstrated that the inhibition of rumen fermentation by high ammonia was pH-dependent and was associated with variations of rumen microbial populations and communities.
PubMed: 37065225
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1163021 -
RSC Advances Jun 2022Pentlandite (FeNiS) is the primary source for the metallurgical production of nickel worldwide, however it usually coexists with copper sulfide in nature. To develop an...
Pentlandite (FeNiS) is the primary source for the metallurgical production of nickel worldwide, however it usually coexists with copper sulfide in nature. To develop an efficient and green process for the separation and extraction of valuable metals from the nickel sulfide concentrate, herein we conducted experimental studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate the chlorination mechanism of pentlandite using ammonium chloride (NHCl). First, low-temperature chlorination roasting experiments with NHCl were performed in which pentlandite was successfully converted into the corresponding metal chlorides (FeCl and NiCl). Then, the chlorination product was analyzed energy dispersive spectrometry to reveal the elemental distribution at the cross-section. Results reveal that Fe atoms in pentlandite underwent preferential chlorination to form a chloride layer, whereas Ni atoms remained at the center of the grain. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the chlorination mechanism of pentlandite by exploring two possible pathways, involving the adsorption of oxygen (O), ammonium chloride (NHCl) and chlorine (Cl) on both the (001) and (010) surfaces of pentlandite. Considering that the chlorination of pentlandite was achieved in air atmosphere, we first consider the direct chlorination of pentlandite by NHCl in the presence of oxygen. Dissociative oxygen adsorption was found to promote the chlorination process by providing oxygen sites for the dissociation of HCl, which is decomposed from NHCl, eventually leading to the formation of HO and FeCl species. Alternatively, the reaction between pentlandite and Cl was proved to be feasible thermodynamically.
PubMed: 35865603
DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03488c -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023The biological activity of polycations is usually associated with their biocidal properties. Their antibacterial features are well known, but in this work, observations...
The biological activity of polycations is usually associated with their biocidal properties. Their antibacterial features are well known, but in this work, observations on the antifungal properties of macromolecules obtained by methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC) polymerization are presented. The results, not previously reported, make it possible to correlate antifungal properties directly with the structure of the macromolecule, in particular the molecular mass. The polymers described here have antifungal activity against some filamentous fungi. The strongest effect occurs for polymers with a mass of about 0.5 mDa which have confirmed activity against the multidrug-resistant species Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani, as well as the dermatophytes Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, and Trichophyton tonsurans. In addition, this publication describes the effects of these macromolecular systems on serum and blood components and provides a preliminary assessment of toxicity on cell lines of skin-forming cells, i.e., fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Additionally, using a Franz diffusion chamber, a negligibly low transport of the active polymer through the skin was demonstrated, which is a desirable effect for externally applied antifungal drugs. Infectious diseases are a very big medical, social, and economic problem. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, certain infections were among of the most common causes of death. The difficulties in the treatment of infectious diseases concern in particular fungal diseases, against which we have only a few classes of drugs represented by a few substances. The publication presents the preliminary results of the antifungal activity studies of four MAPTAC polymers on different fungal species and their cytotoxicity to human cells (fibroblasts and keratinocytes). The paper also compares these properties with analogous ones of two commonly used antifungal drugs, ciclopirox and terbinafine.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Ammonium Chloride; Pandemics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; COVID-19; Polymers
PubMed: 37166300
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00844-23 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2021Sludge dewatering is essential for reduction of sludge volume to cut the cost of transportation and disposal. Combined application of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa)...
Insights into the enhancement of waste activated sludge dewaterability using sodium dichloroisocyanurate and dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride: Performance, mechanism, and implication.
Sludge dewatering is essential for reduction of sludge volume to cut the cost of transportation and disposal. Combined application of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa) and dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) was attempted to promote sludge dewatering performance and physicochemical properties for the first time in this work. The results showed that capillary suction time (CST) and moisture content of dewatered sludge cake (Mc) decreased to 15.9 s and 61.54% compared to 144.5 s and 90.39% of raw sludge, respectively, with the addition of optimal dosage of 150 mg DCCNa/g DS and 125 mg DDAC/g DS. The conditioning mechanism of combined treatment was elucidated by investigating the variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composition, flocs morphological structure, rheological behavior, moisture distribution and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of sludge. It could be found that sludge floc cells were decomposed and bound water was released after DCCNa treatment. The bound water content was further decreased with the presence of DDAC. In addition, DDAC not only increased the zeta potential and flowability of sludge, but also reduced the surface tension and interact with oxygen-containing functional groups in sludge. As a result, the sludge dewaterability was significantly improved. Moreover, the calorific value analysis of dewatered sludge cake indicated that combined conditioning of DCCNa and DDAC presented the advantage of incineration disposal.
PubMed: 34030389
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146302 -
Molecular Diversity Aug 2019This research describes a simple and efficient one-pot synthetic approach for the preparation of tetrahydrodiazepine and dihydropyrazine (or dihydroquinoxaline)...
This research describes a simple and efficient one-pot synthetic approach for the preparation of tetrahydrodiazepine and dihydropyrazine (or dihydroquinoxaline) derivatives in high yields in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of ammonium chloride as a green accelerator on water at 50 °C within 1-3 h.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Azepines; Catalysis; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Green Chemistry Technology; Pyrazines; Water
PubMed: 30465252
DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9893-5 -
Cell & Bioscience 2016As a consequence of a reprogrammed metabolism, cancer cells are dependent on the amino acid l-glutamine for their survival, a phenomenon that currently forms the basis...
BACKGROUND
As a consequence of a reprogrammed metabolism, cancer cells are dependent on the amino acid l-glutamine for their survival, a phenomenon that currently forms the basis for the generation of new, cancer-specific therapies. In this paper, we report on the role which ammonium ions, a product of glutaminolysis, play on the survival of l-glutamine-deprived Sp2/0-Ag14 mouse hybridoma cells.
RESULTS
The supplementation of l-glutamine-starved Sp2/0-Ag14 cell cultures with either ammonium acetate or ammonium chloride resulted in a significant increase in viability. This effect did not depend on the ability of cells to synthesize l-glutamine, and was not affected by the co-supplementation with α-ketoglutarate. When we examined the effect of ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride on the induction of apoptosis by glutamine deprivation, we found that ammonium salts did not prevent caspase-3 activation or cytochrome c leakage, indicating that they did not act by modulating core apoptotic processes. However, both ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride caused a significant reduction in the number of l-glutamine-starved cells exhibiting apoptotic nuclear fragmentation and/or condensation.
CONCLUSION
All together, our results show that ammonium ions promote the survival of l-glutamine-deprived Sp2/0-Ag14 cells and modulate late-apoptotic events. These findings highlight the complexity of the modulation of cell survival by l-glutamine, and suggest that targeting survival-signaling pathways modulated by ammonium ions should be examined as a potential anti-cancer strategy.
PubMed: 27087916
DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0092-8 -
International Journal of Biological... Sep 2015Chitosan-N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (QTS) was prepared by reaction of chitosan (CS) and glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride. Later,...
Chitosan-N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (QTS) was prepared by reaction of chitosan (CS) and glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride. Later, O-acetyl-chitosan-N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (AQTS) was synthesized by reaction of QTS with acetic acid in the presence of SOCl2. Both derivatives were characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, TGA, and XRD techniques. The degree of quaternization of QTS was 85.5%, and the degree of acetyl (DA) of AQTS was from 1.63 to 2.31. Compared with CS, the solubility of QTS and AQTS was improved at different levels, especially AQTS, it could be dissolved in many organic solvents, water, and aqueous solution. Notably, the solubility of AQTS in organic solvents increased as DA increased, while the solubility in water was reversed. The results of CS, QTS, and AQTS against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed that QTS and AQTS exhibited higher antibacterial activity than CS, and the antibacterial activity of AQTS decreased with increased DA. Moreover, the inhibition effect was AQTS1 (DA 1.63)>AQTS2 (DA 2.02)>QTS>AQTS3 (DA 2.31). On the basis of the results of the present study, it could be emphasized that hydrophobicity and positive charge density might strongly affect the antibacterial activity of quaternary ammonium chitosan derivatives.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chitosan; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Solubility; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 26093196
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.061 -
Current Urology Jun 2021() Linn is one of the conventional remedies for urolithiasis. Hence, we tested the potential antiurolithic effect of active extract, in order to rationalize its...
BACKGROUND
() Linn is one of the conventional remedies for urolithiasis. Hence, we tested the potential antiurolithic effect of active extract, in order to rationalize its medicinal use.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The in vivo study was of male Westar rats receiving lithogenic treatment consisting of two 0.75% ethylene glycol injections with a 1 day interval and then in drinking water given for 3 weeks along with ammonium chloride (NHCl) from the 2nd day to the 7th day.
RESULTS
The active ethanolic extract of treatment (20 mg/kg) reversed toxic changes including loss of body weight gain and appetite, raised serum urea and creatinine levels, and raised blood pressure compared to controls.
CONCLUSIONS
The acquired data thus suggested that showed antiurolithic effects against renal calcium oxalate crystal deposits by combined mechanisms acting on multiple sites through hypoxaliuric, hypocalciuric, and antioxidant effects.
PubMed: 34168532
DOI: 10.1097/CU9.0000000000000017 -
Journal of Environmental Management Feb 2016This study concerns cationic exchanges performed in order to remove ammonium and potassium cations from manure by using various zeolites: clinoptilolite, chabazite and...
This study concerns cationic exchanges performed in order to remove ammonium and potassium cations from manure by using various zeolites: clinoptilolite, chabazite and NaX faujasite. First, the effect of temperature (25 °C and 40 °C) on the exchange rate between zeolites and an ammonium chloride solution was investigated. Then, cationic exchanges were performed on these three zeolites using on one side a mixed ammonium and potassium chloride solution reproducing the chemical composition of a swine manure and on the other side the corresponding liquid manure. No significant difference was observed on the exchange rate and the trapping of ammonium cations by changing the temperature (25 or 40 °C). Clinoptilolite showed a good selectivity towards ammonium cations using model (NH4Cl, and mixed NH4Cl/KCl) solutions but is less efficient with the liquid manure. Chabazite and faujasite were found more efficient than clinoptilolite for trapping ammonium cations. However, NaX faujasite enables trapping 3 times more ammonium cations than chabazite from manure (60 and 20 mg/g, respectively). Moreover, chabazite allowed to trap the same amount of potassium cations than NaX faujasite (33 and 35 mg/g, respectively).
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Ammonium Compounds; Animals; Cations; Manure; Potassium; Solutions; Sus scrofa; Temperature; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Zeolites
PubMed: 26686066
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.027 -
Environment International Dec 2022One of the impacts of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a profound increase in the application amounts of disinfectants. Dodecyl dimethyl benzyl...
Disinfectant dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DDBAC) disrupts gut microbiota, phospholipids, and calcium signaling in honeybees (Apis mellifera) at an environmentally relevant level.
One of the impacts of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a profound increase in the application amounts of disinfectants. Dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DDBAC) is a widely used disinfectant, yet its hazards to non-target species remain largely unknown. We are unaware of any studies assessing DDBAC's impacts on honeybee, a pollinator species that is a useful indicator of environmental pollution essential for many forms of agricultural production. Here, we assessed the potentially negative effects of DDBAC on honeybees. After conducting a formal toxicity evaluation of DDBAC on honeybee mortality, we detected an accumulation of DDBAC in the honeybee midgut. We subsequently studied the midgut tissues of honeybees exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of DDBAC: histopathological examination revealed damage to midgut tissue upon DDBAC exposure, microbiome analysis showed a decreased abundance of beneficial midgut microbiota, lipidomics analysis revealed a significant reduction in cell membrane phospholipids with known functions in signal transduction, and a transcriptome analysis detected altered expression of genes involved in calcium signaling pathways (that variously function in calcium absorption, muscle contraction, and neurotransmission). Thus, our study establishes that DDBAC impacts honeybee midgut functions at multiple levels. Our study represents an early warning about the hazards of DDBAC and appeals for the proper stewardship of DDBAC to ensure the protection of our ecological environment.
Topics: Bees; Animals; Calcium Signaling; Ammonium Chloride; Phospholipids; Disinfectants; COVID-19
PubMed: 36402032
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107639