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Journal of Hazardous Materials Aug 2023Pollutants in livestock manure have a compound effect during aerobic composting, but research to date has focused more on single factors. This study investigated the...
Pollutants in livestock manure have a compound effect during aerobic composting, but research to date has focused more on single factors. This study investigated the effects of adding amoxicillin (AMX), copper (Cu) and both (ACu) on nitrogen transformation and the microbial mechanisms in cow manure aerobic composting with wheat straw. In this study, compared with CK, AMX, Cu, and ACu increased NH cumulative emissions by 32.32%, 41.78% and 8.32%, respectively, due to their inhibition of ammonia oxidation. Coexisting AMX and Cu decreased the absolute abundances of amoA/ nxrA genes and increased the absolute abundances of nirS /nosZ genes, but they had an antagonistic effect on the changes in functional gene abundances. Pseudomonas and Luteimonas were enriched during the thermophilic and cooling periods due to the addition of AMX and ACu, which enhanced denitrification in these two groups. Moreover, adding AMX and/or Cu led to more complex bacterial networks, but the effect of the two pollutants was lower than those of the individual pollutants. These findings provide theoretical and experimental support for controlling typical combined pollution with antibiotics and heavy metals in livestock manure.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Amoxicillin; Manure; Copper; Composting; Nitrogen; Soil
PubMed: 37172386
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131569 -
Journal of Periodontology Apr 2021To our knowledge, to date, no studies have comprehensively assessed the changes occurring in the subgingival microbiome of young patients with periodontitis treated by...
BACKGROUND
To our knowledge, to date, no studies have comprehensively assessed the changes occurring in the subgingival microbiome of young patients with periodontitis treated by means of mechanical and antibiotic therapy. Thus, this study aimed to use next-generation sequencing to evaluate the subgingival microbial composition of young patients with severe periodontitis treated with scaling and root planing and systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin.
METHODS
Subgingival samples from healthy individuals and shallow and deep sites from periodontitis patients were individually collected at baseline and 90 days post-treatment. The samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA-gene sequencing (MiSeq-Illumina) and QIIME pipeline. Differences between groups for the microbiological data were determined using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), linear mixed models, and the PERMANOVA test.
RESULTS
One hundred samples were collected from 10 periodontitis patients and seven healthy individuals. PCoA analysis revealed significant partitioning between pre-and post-treatment samples. No major differences in the composition of the subgingival microbiota were observed between shallow and deep sites, at baseline or at 90-days post-treatment, and the microbiome of both site categories after treatment moved closer in similarity to that observed in periodontal health. Treatment significantly improved all clinical parameters and reduced the relative abundance of classical periodontal pathogens and of Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Eubacterium saphenum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Treponema medium, Synergistetes, TM7, and Treponema spp, and increased that of Actinomyces, Rothia, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium, and Streptococci spp.
CONCLUSION
Mechanical treatment associated with metronidazole and amoxicillin promoted a beneficial change in the microbiome of young individuals with severe periodontitis.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Humans; Metronidazole; Microbiota; Periodontitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Treponema
PubMed: 32844406
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.20-0128 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Dec 2019The goal of the current study was to assess the risk for major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to amoxicillin, or amoxicillin and clavulanic...
AIMS
The goal of the current study was to assess the risk for major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to amoxicillin, or amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (ACA).
METHODS
A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted, by linking 4 computerized databases: maternal and infant hospitalization records, drug dispensing database of Clalit Health Services in Israel and data concerning pregnancy terminations. Multivariate negative-binomial regression was used to assess the risk for major malformations following first-trimester exposure, adjusted for mother's age, ethnicity (Bedouin vs Jewish), parity, diabetes mellitus, lack of perinatal care, and the year of birth.
RESULTS
The study included 101 615 pregnancies, of which 6919 (6.8%) were exposed to amoxicillin: 1045 (1.0%) to amoxicillin only and 6041 (5.9%) to ACA. No significant association was found, in the univariate and multivariate analyses, between first-trimester exposure to amoxicillin or ACA and major malformations in general (crude relative risk, 1.05 95% confidence interval 0.95-1.16; adjusted relative risk 1.09, 95% confidence interval 0.98-1.20), or for major malformations according to organ systems. No dose-response relationship was found between exposure in terms of the defined daily dose and major malformations.
CONCLUSION
Exposure to amoxicillin and ACA during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of major congenital malformations.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clavulanic Acid; Cohort Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Multivariate Analysis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, First; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31486528
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14118 -
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Apr 2021Amoxicillin is used to treat various bacterial infections (eg, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis) in infants. Despite its frequent use, there is a lack of population...
Amoxicillin is used to treat various bacterial infections (eg, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis) in infants. Despite its frequent use, there is a lack of population pharmacokinetic studies in infants, resulting in a substantial variability in dosing regimens used in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of intravenous amoxicillin in infants and suggest an optimal dosage regimen. Blood samples were collected for the determination of amoxicillin concentrations using an opportunistic sampling strategy. The amoxicillin plasma concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM. A total of 62 pharmacokinetic samples from 47 infants (age range, 0.09 to 2.0 years) were available for analysis. A 2-compartment model with first-order elimination was most suitable to describe the population pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin, and covariate analysis showed that only current body weight was a significant covariate. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that the currently used dosage regimen (25 mg/kg twice daily) resulted in only 22.4% of infants reaching their pharmacodynamic target, using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) break point of 2 mg/L, whereas a dosage regimen (60 mg/kg thrice daily), as supported by the British National Formulary for Children, resulted in 80.9% of infants achieving their pharmacodynamic target. It is recommended to change antibiotics for infections caused by Escherichia coli (MIC = 8.0 mg/L) because only 27.9% of infants reached target using 60 mg/kg thrice daily.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Computer Simulation; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Biological; Monte Carlo Method
PubMed: 32996155
DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1752 -
Poultry Science May 2016The excretion rates and ecological risk to the environment of three commonly used veterinary antibiotics (VAs), amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline, in layer hen... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The excretion rates and ecological risk to the environment of three commonly used veterinary antibiotics (VAs), amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline, in layer hen manure during the application and withdrawal periods were investigated in a study consisting of a control group fed with VA-free basal diet and nine treatment groups consisted of three levels (200 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg) of amoxicillin (AMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), or doxycycline (DOC). Each treatment group was replicated seven times with three layer hens per replication. Results of the study showed that the average excretion rates of AMX in the 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg groups were 67.88, 55.82, and 66.15%, respectively, while those for CIP and DOC were 47.84, 51.85, and 44.87% and 82.67, 94.39, and 95.72%, respectively. The concentrations of the above veterinary drugs in manure decreased sharply in the withdrawal period (7, 28, and 10 d, respectively), for AMX, DOC, and CIP. Neither AMX nor DOC was detected in the manure after the withdrawal period. In contrast to AMX and DOC, the excretion rate of CIP was significantly lower and thus had a longer residence time. Ecological risk study, estimated using hazard quotient values, showed that AMX in the 100 and 50 mg/kg groups posed no risk to the environment after d 1 of withdrawal, while CIP in the 50 mg/kg group posed no risk to the environment from d 5 of withdrawal. CIP in the 200 and 100 mg/kg groups required 10 d withdrawal in order to pose no risk to the environment. In contrast, DOC residue during withdrawal in the manure posed no risk to the environment, thus making it more environmentally safe.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Ciprofloxacin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Doxycycline; Feces; Female; Oviposition; Time Factors
PubMed: 26944981
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew013 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2019Basic science has delivered unprecedented insights into intricate relationships on the smallest scales within well-controlled environments. Addressing pressing societal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Basic science has delivered unprecedented insights into intricate relationships on the smallest scales within well-controlled environments. Addressing pressing societal decision problems requires an understanding of systems on larger scales in real-world situations.
OBJECTIVE
To assess how well the evidence assessors E-Synthesis and EBM+ assess basic science findings to support medical decision making.
METHODS
We demonstrate the workings of E-Synthesis and EBM+ on a case study: the suspected causal connection between the widely-used drug amoxicillin (AMX) and the putative adverse drug reaction: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS).
RESULTS
We determine an increase in the probability that AMX can cause DRESS within the E-Synthesis approach and using the EBM+ standards assess the basic science findings as supporting the existence of a mechanism linking AMX and DRESS.
CONCLUSIONS
While progress is made towards developing methodologies which allow the incorporation of basic science research in the decision making process for pressing societal questions, there is still considerable need for further developments. A continued dialogue between basic science researchers and methodologists, philosophers and statisticians seems to offer the best prospects for developing and evaluating continuously evolving methodologies.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Bayes Theorem; Causality; Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome; Evidence-Based Dentistry; Haptens; Humans
PubMed: 31264541
DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190628160603 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jan 2020This study presents the development of an efficient extraction protocol for amoxicillin from plasma with improved solubility and stability using pH control. Solubility...
This study presents the development of an efficient extraction protocol for amoxicillin from plasma with improved solubility and stability using pH control. Solubility and stability of amoxicillin in commonly used extraction solvents were determined using a newly developed stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Following this, protein precipitation (PP) mediated sample purification protocol was developed and validated along with the HPLC method for the extracted amoxicillin from rabbit plasma. The protocol was applied in a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. A five-fold increase in solubility and two-fold increase in stability of amoxicillin was found by addition of acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 5.0) in acetonitrile. PP mediated extraction protocol containing acetate buffer-acetonitrile (1:18 v/v) resulted in an extraction recovery of >80% for all the samples. The HPLC assay following extraction was found linear (R >0.9999) over the range of 0.2-20 µg/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 0.2 µg/mL. The accuracy of the quality control samples was found between 97-115% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be below 6% for all samples. The samples were stable in the mobile phase (pH 5.0) for 72 h post-extraction. Amoxicillin-spiked plasma samples were found stable for up to three freeze-and-thaw cycles but, nearly 50% samples had degraded following storage for two months at -20 °C. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a half-life of amoxicillin of nearly 1 h following intravenous injection in rabbits, which is similar to that in humans. Thus, a simple and repeatable, extraction protocol was developed using pH control for quantification of amoxicillin from plasma based on its physicochemical properties.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Kinetics; Rabbits; Reproducibility of Results; Solubility; Solvents
PubMed: 31627968
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460611 -
Oral Diseases Jul 2023This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMX-CL) for the prevention of bacteremia following dental extractions. The study group...
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMX-CL) for the prevention of bacteremia following dental extractions. The study group (AMX-CLG) comprised 40 adults requiring dental extractions under general anesthesia who were administered a prophylactic regimen of 1875/125 mg of AMX-CL orally 1-2 h prior to the surgery. Venous blood samples were collected from each patient at baseline and at 30 s and 15 min after dental extractions. Samples were inoculated into BACTEC Plus culture bottles and processed in the BACTEC 9240. Conventional microbiological techniques were used for subcultures and further identification of the isolated bacteria. The results for the AMX-CLG were compared with those of a control group (CG; no prophylaxis) and an amoxicillin group (AMXG; 2 g of amoxicillin orally), consisting of randomly selected patients from among those participating in two clinical trials that we have previously published. The prevalence of bacteremia in the CG, AMXG, and AMX-CLG was 97%, 50%, and 15%, respectively, at 30 s after completing the extractions, and 67%, 10%, and 4% at 15 min, respectively, after the last extraction. The prevalence of bacteremia in the AMXG and the AMX-CLG at 30 s and at 15 min after completing the extractions was significantly lower than that in the CG (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively; Fisher's exact test). The prevalence of bacteremia in the AMX-CLG at 30 s after completing the extractions was significantly lower than that in the AMXG (p < 0.001; Fisher's exact test). Based in the results of this preliminary study, oral AMX-CL could be an excellent option for preventing bacteremia secondary to dental procedures in patients at risk.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Tooth Extraction; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Bacteremia; Bacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 35467064
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14221 -
Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013) Jul 2023In 2016, ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN issued revised guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in children and adolescents. Recommendations include...
BACKGROUND
In 2016, ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN issued revised guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in children and adolescents. Recommendations include performing antibiotic susceptibility testing to tailor therapy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the H. pylori treatment landscape in pediatric patients at our institution.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with H. pylori infection at a single academic children's hospital from 2015 to 2021. The frequency of each treatment regimen and their respective eradication rates were calculated. We compared trends in antibiotic prescriptions and eradication rates before and after 2016.
RESULTS
One hundred and ninety-six patients were included. Triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibiter (PPI) was the most often prescribed regimen (46.5%), followed by amoxicillin, metronidazole, and PPI (33%). Eradication rates were 70% for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and PPI and 64% for amoxicillin, metronidazole, and PPI.
CONCLUSION
Our results show eradication rates for both regimens were comparable but suboptimal, highlighting the need to incorporate resistance testing into broader practice.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Child; Helicobacter Infections; Clarithromycin; Helicobacter pylori; Metronidazole; Retrospective Studies; Hospitals, Pediatric; Drug Therapy, Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Amoxicillin; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 37368832
DOI: No ID Found -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 2015
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Amoxicillin; Crystallization; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus agalactiae
PubMed: 25680270
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62001-8