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Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents... Jan 2024The genus Anabasis has long been used in phytomedicine. The studied parts of Anabasis species are used as antirheumatic, diuretic, antidotes against poison,...
The genus Anabasis has long been used in phytomedicine. The studied parts of Anabasis species are used as antirheumatic, diuretic, antidotes against poison, anti-erosion, anti-ulcer, and antidiabetic agents, as well as against headache and skin diseases. The objective of the present review was to summarize the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects related to the genus Anabasis. The results of this literature analysis show that among all the species of the Anabasis (A) family, A. aphylla, A. Iranica, A. aretioides, and A. articulata showed antibacterial activity; A. aretioides and A. articulata have antioxidant activity, A. aretioides and A. articulata have antidiabetic activity, A. articulata has cytotoxic activity and A. setifera, A. aretioides, and A. articulata exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The Anabasis genus contains saponins, and alkaloids, such as anabasine, anabasamine, lupinine, jaxartinine, and triterpenic sapogenins. The study of 15 Anabasis plants has identified 70 compounds with an array of pharmacological activities especially antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, there is a need for further studies on Anabasis plants before they can be fully used clinically as a potential drug.
PubMed: 38258787
DOI: 10.2174/0118715257276051240111060414 -
BMC Ecology Nov 2020Invasive plant species pose a significant threat for fragile isolated ecosystems, occupying space, and consuming scarce local resources. Recently though, an additional...
BACKGROUND
Invasive plant species pose a significant threat for fragile isolated ecosystems, occupying space, and consuming scarce local resources. Recently though, an additional adverse effect was recognized in the form of its secondary metabolites entering the food chain. The present study is elaborating on this subject with a specific focus on the Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) alkaloids and their occurrence and food chain penetrability in Mediterranean ecosystems. For this purpose, a targeted liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analytical method, encompassing six alkaloids and one coumarin derivative, utilizing hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was developed and validated.
RESULTS
The method exhibited satisfactory recoveries, for all analytes, ranging from 75 to 93%, and acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. Four compounds (anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, and scopoletin) were identified and quantified in 3 N. glauca flowers extracts, establishing them as potential sources of alien bio-molecules. The most abundant constituent was anabasine, determined at 3900 μg/g in the methanolic extract. These extracts were utilized as feeding treatments on Apis mellifera honeybees, resulting in mild toxicity documented by 16-18% mortality. A slightly increased effect was elicited by the methanolic extract containing anabasine at 20 μg/mL, where mortality approached 25%. Dead bees were screened for residues of the N. glauca flower extracts compounds and a significant mean concentration of anabasine was evidenced in both 10 and 20 μg/mL treatments, ranging from 51 to 92 ng/g per bee body weight. Scopoletin was also detected in trace amounts.
CONCLUSIONS
The mild toxicity of the extracts in conjunction with the alkaloid and coumarin residual detection in bees, suggest that these alien bio-molecules are transferred within the food chain, suggesting a chemical invasion phenomenon, never reported before.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Bees; Ecosystem; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Nicotiana
PubMed: 33158433
DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00325-3 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Jul 2024The extensive usage of neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) has raised many concerns about their potential harm to environment and human health. Thus, it is of great... (Review)
Review
Dihydroxyl modified UiO-66 as dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for detection of neonicotinoid insecticides.
The extensive usage of neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) has raised many concerns about their potential harm to environment and human health. Thus, it is of great importance to develop an efficient and reliable method to determine NIs in food samples. In this work, three Zr-based metal-organic frameworks functionalized with various numbers of hydroxyl groups were fabricated with a facile one-pot solvothermal method. Among them, dihydroxy modified UiO-66 (UiO-66-(OH)) exhibited best adsorption performance towards five target NIs. Then, a sensitive and efficient method for detection of NIs from vegetable and fruit samples was established based on dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) with UiO-66-(OH) as adsorbent coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Key parameters affecting the dSPE procedure including amounts of adsorbent, adsorption time, eluent solvents and desorption time were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, rapid adsorption of NIs within five minutes was achieved due to the high affinity of UiO-66-(OH) towards NIs. The developed method exhibited high sensitivity with limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.003 to 0.03 ng/mL and wide linearity range over 3-4 orders of magnitude from 0.01 to 500 ng/mL. Furthermore, the established method was applied for determining trace NIs from complex matrices with recoveries ranging from 74.6 to 99.6 % and 77.0-106.8 % for pear and tomato samples, respectively. The results indicate the potential of UiO-66-(OH) for efficient enrichment of trace NIs from complex matrices.
Topics: Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Solid Phase Extraction; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Insecticides; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Limit of Detection; Adsorption; Vegetables; Neonicotinoids; Fruit; Anabasine; Food Contamination; Zirconium; Phthalic Acids
PubMed: 38744187
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464970 -
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Aug 2015While nicotine is the primary addictive compound in tobacco, other tobacco constituents including minor alkaloids (e.g., nornicotine, anabasine) may also contribute to...
BACKGROUND
While nicotine is the primary addictive compound in tobacco, other tobacco constituents including minor alkaloids (e.g., nornicotine, anabasine) may also contribute to tobacco addiction by mimicking or enhancing the effects of nicotine. Further evaluating the behavioral effects of minor alkaloids is essential for understanding their impact on tobacco addiction and informing development of tobacco product standards by the FDA.
METHODS
This study compared the addiction-related effects of nicotine and the minor alkaloids nornicotine, anabasine, myosmine, anatabine, and cotinine on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds in rats.
RESULTS
Acute injection of nicotine produced reinforcement-enhancing (ICSS threshold-decreasing) effects at low to moderate doses, and reinforcement-attenuating/aversive (ICSS threshold-increasing) effects at high doses. Nornicotine and anabasine produced similar biphasic effects on ICSS thresholds, although with lower potency compared to nicotine. Myosmine only elevated ICSS thresholds at relatively high doses, while anatabine and cotinine did not influence ICSS thresholds at any dose. None of the alkaloids significantly influenced ICSS response latencies, indicating a lack of nonspecific motoric effects.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that some minor tobacco alkaloids can either fully (nornicotine, anabasine) or partially (myosmine) mimic nicotine's addiction-related effects on ICSS, albeit at reduced potency. These findings emphasize the need for further study of the abuse potential of minor alkaloids, including evaluation of their effects when combined with nicotine and other tobacco constituents to better simulate tobacco exposure in humans. Such work is essential for informing FDA regulation of tobacco products and could also lead to the development of novel pharmacotherapies for tobacco addiction.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anabasine; Animals; Brain; Cotinine; Male; Nicotine; Pyridines; Rats; Self Stimulation
PubMed: 26094184
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.005 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Apr 2022Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), in particular, the human carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and '-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), are...
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), in particular, the human carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and '-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), are important toxicants in tobacco and also (as contaminants) in nicotine products. In a clinical study comprising a period of 74 h under confinement, we investigated the exposure to NNK, NNN, '-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) as well as to the minor tobacco alkaloids anabasine (AB) and anatabine (AT) by measuring suitable biomarkers in habitual users of combustible cigarettes (CCs), electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). Non-users (NU) of any tobacco/nicotine products served as the (negative) control group. Smokers exhibited the highest levels for all biomarkers measured, except for AB in urine, which was found to be highest in OT users. Somewhat elevated levels compared to NU, EC, and NRT groups were also observed in the users of HTPs. In the users of tobacco-containing products (CC, HTP, and OT), most frequently the biomarkers significantly correlated with the dose markers such as daily consumption, urinary nicotine equivalents (Nequ), and plasma cotinine (CotP). In conclusion, except for smokers (CC) and OT users, exposure of users of ECs, HTPs, and NRTs to TSNAs as well as the minor tobacco alkaloids AB and AT is marginal and statistically not distinguishable from that of NU. Finally, our results for NNN in the saliva provide preliminary evidence for the formation of NNN from the precursor nornicotine in the presence of thiocyanate as a catalyst. The latter hypothesis requires experimental verification.
Topics: Alkaloids; Biomarkers; Carcinogens; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Nicotine; Nitrosamines; Smoking Cessation; Nicotiana; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
PubMed: 35298128
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00020 -
Environmental Entomology Jun 2019Bumble bee pollinators can be exposed to pathogens when foraging on flowers previously visited by infected individuals. Infectious cells may be deposited in floral...
Bumble bee pollinators can be exposed to pathogens when foraging on flowers previously visited by infected individuals. Infectious cells may be deposited in floral nectar, providing a site for pathogens to interact with nectar secondary compounds prior to infecting bees. Some nectar secondary compounds can reduce pathogen counts in infected bumble bees, but we know less about how exposure to these compounds directly affects pathogens prior to being ingested by their host. We exposed the trypanosomatid gut pathogen, Crithidia bombi (Lipa & Triggiani 1988) (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), to six different compounds found in nectar (aucubin, catalpol, nicotine, thymol, anabasine, and citric acid) for 1-h prior to ingestion by Bombus impatiens (Cresson 1863) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers that were then reared for 1 wk on a control diet. All of these compounds except citric acid reduce pathogen levels when consumed in hosts after infection, and citric acid is a common preservative found in citrus fruits and some honeys. We found that both citric acid and aucubin reduced Crithidia cell counts compared with controls. However, catalpol, nicotine, thymol, and anabasine did not have significant effects on Crithidia levels. These results suggest that Crithidia exposure in some floral nectars may reduce cell viability, resulting in a lower risk to visiting pollinators, but this effect may not be widespread across all flowering species.
Topics: Anabasine; Animals; Bees; Crithidia; Flowers; Host-Parasite Interactions; Plant Nectar
PubMed: 30855085
DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz018 -
Journal of Separation Science Jul 2015The determination of nicotine and its major metabolites (cotinine and anabasine) in fish tissue was performed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry....
The determination of nicotine and its major metabolites (cotinine and anabasine) in fish tissue was performed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Marine and freshwater fish were purchased from local grocery stores and were prepared based on a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation protocol. To determine the highly polar compounds, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was also used. There were modest suppressions on measured nicotine signals (10%) due to the matrix effects from marine fish but no obvious effects on freshwater fish signals. Method validation was incorporated with internal standards and carried out with matrix-matched calibration. The detection limits for nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine were 9.4, 3.0, and 1.5 ng/g in fish, respectively. Precision was quite acceptable returning less than 8% RSD at low, medium, and high concentrations. Acceptable and reproducible extraction recoveries (70-120%) of all three compounds were achieved, except for anabasine at low concentration (61%). The method was then applied to define nicotine bioaccumulation in a fathead minnow model, which resulted in rapid uptake with steady state internal tissue levels, reached within 12 h. This developed method offers a fast, easy, and sensitive way to evaluate nicotine and its metabolite residues in fish tissues.
Topics: Anabasine; Animals; Calibration; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Cotinine; Fish Products; Fishes; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Limit of Detection; Nicotine; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 25953492
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500235 -
Toxicon : Official Journal of the... Mar 2018Four chemically similar alkaloids, anabasine, anabaseine, epibatidine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), are potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists of...
Four chemically similar alkaloids, anabasine, anabaseine, epibatidine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), are potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists of fetal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human TE-671 cells. Based on results with these cells, we hypothesized that the alkaloids would completely inhibit ultrasound-monitored fetal movement in a goat model. Different, single doses of anabasine, anabaseine, epibatidine, DMPP, or saline control were administered I.V. to pregnant goats on day 40 of gestation and the number of fetal movements per 5 min sample was measured by ultrasound at times 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. The differences among does in fetal movements were more consistent at dosing and following recovery for doses of anabasine above 0.125 mg/kg compared to the other compounds and dosages. Anabasine actions were dose-dependent with an IC value of ∼0.1 mg/kg, and, at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg, completely inhibited fetal movement for 1.5 h after dosing. Anabaseine, epibatidine, and DMPP failed to completely inhibit fetal movement in day 40 pregnant goats at doses predicted to be effective. These results suggest that while experiments with TE-671 cells provide valuable information and predictions of the actions of plant alkaloids on fetal movement, in vivo experiments are still required in order to determine the ability of an alkaloid to inhibit fetal movement in livestock species. Moreover, other pharmacological properties such as receptor differences between mammalian species and differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of the alkaloids also are likely to weaken teratologic predictions based solely on the in vitro data.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anabasine; Animals; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fetal Movement; Goats; Models, Animal; Pregnancy; Pyridines
PubMed: 29452148
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.02.007 -
PloS One 2015The impact of consuming biologically active compounds is often dose-dependent, where small quantities can be medicinal while larger doses are toxic. The consumption of...
The impact of consuming biologically active compounds is often dose-dependent, where small quantities can be medicinal while larger doses are toxic. The consumption of plant secondary compounds can be toxic to herbivores in large doses, but can also improve survival in parasitized herbivores. In addition, recent studies have found that consuming nectar secondary compounds may decrease parasite loads in pollinators. However, the effect of compound dose on bee survival and parasite loads has not been assessed. To determine how secondary compound consumption affects survival and pathogen load in Bombus impatiens, we manipulated the presence of a common gut parasite, Crithidia bombi, and dietary concentration of anabasine, a nectar alkaloid produced by Nicotiana spp. using four concentrations naturally observed in floral nectar. We hypothesized that increased consumption of secondary compounds at concentrations found in nature would decrease survival of uninfected bees, but improve survival and ameliorate parasite loads in infected bees. We found medicinal effects of anabasine in infected bees; the high-anabasine diet decreased parasite loads and increased the probability of clearing the infection entirely. However, survival time was not affected by any level of anabasine concentration, or by interactive effects of anabasine concentration and infection. Crithidia infection reduced survival time by more than two days, but this effect was not significant. Our results support a medicinal role for anabasine at the highest concentration; moreover, we found no evidence for a survival-related cost of anabasine consumption across the concentration range found in nectar. Our results suggest that consuming anabasine at the higher levels of the natural range could reduce or clear pathogen loads without incurring costs for healthy bees.
Topics: Anabasine; Animals; Bees; Crithidia; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Herbivory; Host-Parasite Interactions; Parasite Load; Plant Nectar; Plants, Medicinal; Nicotiana
PubMed: 26545106
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142496 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jun 2023Consequences related to nicotine (NIC) use remain a major health concern, leading to demand for testing to detect NIC, metabolites such as cotinine (COT), and related...
CONTEXT.—
Consequences related to nicotine (NIC) use remain a major health concern, leading to demand for testing to detect NIC, metabolites such as cotinine (COT), and related tobacco alkaloids, including anabasine (ANAB). NIC-related testing is not standardized among laboratories, nor are there clinical or regulatory guidelines to inform decisions such as appropriate screening cutoffs or limits of quantitation.
OBJECTIVE.—
To evaluate analytical performance and reporting practices of laboratories that perform NIC-related testing by reviewing participant responses to the Nicotine and Tobacco Alkaloid (NTA) Proficiency Testing Survey.
DESIGN.—
NTA results were retrieved from 2017 (the first year of the survey) through 2020. Survey participants, methodologies, and results were evaluated for all analytes, and simulated grading was performed for COT. Additional data, including limits of quantitation, qualitative cutoffs, and reasons for testing, were reviewed.
RESULTS.—
Participant growth was steady for qualitative COT testing. Participation was stable for NIC, ANAB, and quantitative COT testing. Overall, participants performed well on survey challenges. However, reporting thresholds were widely divergent, ranging from 10 to 3000 ng/mL and 0.5 to 300 ng/mL, respectively, for qualitative and quantitative COT testing. Screening cutoffs were as high as 100 ng/mL for ANAB and 1000 ng/mL for NIC.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Although participating laboratories performed well on the NTA Survey, the wide diversity of qualitative and quantitative reporting thresholds creates substantial risk for misinterpretation of results, and could lead to analytical concerns such as excessively high false-negative or false-positive rates. NIC-related testing would benefit from evidence-based guidelines to drive standardization of reporting.
Topics: Humans; Nicotine; Nicotiana; Pathologists; Alkaloids; Cotinine; Laboratory Proficiency Testing
PubMed: 36223222
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0094-CP