-
Chemical Research in Toxicology Dec 2020The non-nicotine constituents of tobacco may alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine, but the quantitative and qualitative profiles of these chemicals in tobacco...
Analysis of Nicotine and Non-nicotine Tobacco Constituents in Aqueous Smoke/Aerosol Extracts by UHPLC and Ultraperformance Convergence Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
The non-nicotine constituents of tobacco may alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine, but the quantitative and qualitative profiles of these chemicals in tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cigars, and waterpipe tobacco are not well characterized. The objective of this work was to develop and validate analytical methods to utilize saline both as an extraction solvent for smoke condensates from cigarettes, little cigars, and waterpipe tobacco and aerosols from e-cigarettes and as a delivery vehicle of nicotine and non-nicotine constitents for nonclinical pharmacological studies. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze nicotine and acetaldehyde, and a novel ultraperformance convergence chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to analyze anabasine, anatabine, cotinine, myosmine, nornicotine, harmane, and norharmane. Linearity was confirmed for each standard curve with correlation coefficients () ≥ 0.99, and relative errors (RE) for the standards were ≤±10% over the calibration ranges. Method validation was performed by preparing triplicate samples in saline to mimic the composition and concentration of each analyte in the smoke or aerosol condensate and were used to determine method accuracy and precision. Relative standard deviation values were ≤15% and mean RE ≤15% for each analyte at each concentration level. Selectivity of the methods was demonstrated by the absence of peaks in blank vehicle or diluent samples. Storage stability was assessed over ∼45 days. Precision (%RSD ≤ 13) and recovery (percent of day 0 ≥ 80%) indicated that the saline formulations of all four products could be considered stable for up to ∼45 days at 4-8 °C. Therefore, the use of saline both as an extraction solvent and as a delivery vehicle adds versatility and improved performance in the study of the pharmacological effects of constituents from mainstream smoke and aerosols generated from cigarettes, little cigars, waterpipes, and e-cigarettes.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Molecular Structure; Nicotine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Nicotiana; Tobacco Products; Tobacco, Waterpipe; Water
PubMed: 33226218
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00312 -
Environmental Science & Technology Apr 2016Neonicotinoids are implicated in the decline of bee populations. As agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, they disturb acetylcholine receptor signaling leading...
Neonicotinoids are implicated in the decline of bee populations. As agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, they disturb acetylcholine receptor signaling leading to neurotoxicity. Several behavioral studies showed the link between neonicotinoid exposure and adverse effects on foraging activity and reproduction. However, molecular effects underlying these effects are poorly understood. Here we elucidated molecular effects at environmental realistic levels of three neonicotinoids and nicotine, and compared laboratory studies to field exposures with acetamiprid. We assessed transcriptional alterations of eight selected genes in caged honey bees exposed to different concentrations of the neonicotinoids acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloporid, and thiamethoxam, as well as nicotine. We determined transcripts of several targets, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α 1 and α 2 subunit, the multifunctional gene vitellogenin, immune system genes apidaecin and defensin-1, stress-related gene catalase and two genes linked to memory formation, pka and creb. Vitellogenin showed a strong increase upon neonicotinoid exposures in the laboratory and field, while creb and pka transcripts were down-regulated. The induction of vitellogenin suggests adverse effects on foraging activity, whereas creb and pka down-regulation may be implicated in decreased long-term memory formation. Transcriptional alterations occurred at environmental concentrations and provide an explanation for the molecular basis of observed adverse effects of neonicotinoids to bees.
Topics: Anabasine; Animals; Bees; Brain; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes, Insect; Guanidines; Insect Proteins; Neonicotinoids; Nicotine; Nitro Compounds; Oxazines; Pyridines; RNA, Messenger; Thiamethoxam; Thiazoles
PubMed: 26990785
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00678 -
Addictive Behaviors Oct 2017To assess whether bottles of refill liquids for e-cigarettes were filled true to label, whether their content was constant across two production batches, and whether...
AIMS
To assess whether bottles of refill liquids for e-cigarettes were filled true to label, whether their content was constant across two production batches, and whether they contained impurities.
METHODS
In 2013, we purchased on the Internet 18 models from 11 brands of e-liquids. We purchased a second sample of the same models 4months later. We analyzed their content in nicotine, anabasine, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, and tested their pH.
RESULTS
The median difference between the nicotine value on the labels and the nicotine content in the bottles was 0.3mg/mL (range -5.4 to +3.5mg/mL, i.e. -8% to +30%). For 82% of the samples, the actual nicotine content was within 10% of the value on the labels. All models contained glycerol (median 407mg/mL), and all but three models contained propylene glycol (median 650mg/mL). For all samples, levels of anabasine, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol were below our limits of detection. The pH of all the e-liquids was alkaline (median pH=9.1; range 8.1 to 9.9). The measured content of two batches of the same model varied by a median of 0% across batches for propylene glycol, 1% for glycerol, 0% for pH, and 0.5% for nicotine (range -15% to +21%; 5th and 95th percentiles: -15% and +10%).
CONCLUSIONS
The nicotine content of these e-liquids matched the labels on the bottles, and was relatively constant across production batches. The content of propylene glycol and glycerol was also stable across batches, as was the pH.
Topics: Anabasine; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Ethylene Glycol; Ethylene Glycols; Glycerol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nicotine; Product Labeling; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 28511098
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.012 -
Journal of Chemical Ecology Aug 2019Plants are able to sense their environment and respond appropriately to different stimuli. Vibrational signals (VS) are one of the most widespread yet understudied ways...
Plants are able to sense their environment and respond appropriately to different stimuli. Vibrational signals (VS) are one of the most widespread yet understudied ways of communication between organisms. Recent research into the perception of VS by plants showed that they are ecologically meaningful signals involved in different interactions of plants with biotic and abiotic agents. We studied changes in the concentration of alkaloids in tobacco plants induced by VS produced by Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a generalist caterpillar that naturally feeds on the plant. We measured the concentration of nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine and anatabine in four treatments applied to 11-weeks old tobacco plant: a) Co = undamaged plants, b) Eq = Playback equipment attached to the plant without VS, c) Ca = Plants attacked by P. operculella herbivory and d) Pl = playback of VS of P. operculella feeding on tobacco. We found that nicotine, the most abundant alkaloid, increased more than 2.6 times in the Ca and Pl treatments as compared with the Co and Eq treatments, which were similar between them. Nornicotine, anabasine and anatabine were mutually correlated and showed similar concentration patterns, being higher in the Eq treatment. Results are discussed in terms of the adaptive significance of plant responses to ecologically important VS stimuli.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anabasine; Animals; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Herbivory; Host-Parasite Interactions; Larva; Lepidoptera; Linear Models; Nicotine; Principal Component Analysis; Pyridines; Nicotiana; Vibration
PubMed: 31313135
DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01089-x -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Mar 2016Based on encouraged development of potential reduced-exposure products (PREPs) by the US Institute of Medicine, casings (glucose and peptides) added treatments (CAT) and...
Based on encouraged development of potential reduced-exposure products (PREPs) by the US Institute of Medicine, casings (glucose and peptides) added treatments (CAT) and enzymatic (protease and xylanase) hydrolysis treatments (EHT) were developed to study their effect on alkaloids reduction in tobacco and cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) and further investigate the correlation between sensory attributes and alkaloids. Results showed that the developed treatments reduced nicotine by 14.5% and 24.4% in tobacco and cigarette MS, respectively, indicating that both CAT and EHT are potentially effective for developing lower-risk cigarettes. Sensory and electronic nose analysis confirmed the significant influence of treatments on sensory and cigarette MS components. PLSR analysis demonstrated that tobacco alkaloids were positively correlated to the off-taste, irritation and impact attributes, and negatively correlated to the aroma and softness attributes. Additionally, nicotine and anabasine from tobacco leaves positively contributed to the impact attribute, while they negatively contributed to the aroma attribute (P<0.05). Meanwhile, most alkaloids in cigarette MS positively contributed to the impact and irritation attributes (P<0.05). Hence, this study paved a way to better understand the correlation between tobacco alkaloids and sensory attributes.
Topics: Alkaloids; Electronic Nose; Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases; Female; Glucose; Humans; Hydrolysis; Male; Odorants; Peptide Hydrolases; Peptides; Plant Leaves; Taste; Nicotiana; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
PubMed: 26739812
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.016 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022Jin-Gu-Lian (JGL) is traditionally used by Miao for the treatment of rheumatism arthralgia. At the same time, the combination of (Oliv.) Rehd. et W (SC) and (Lour.)...
Jin-Gu-Lian (JGL) is traditionally used by Miao for the treatment of rheumatism arthralgia. At the same time, the combination of (Oliv.) Rehd. et W (SC) and (Lour.) Harms (AC), the core drug pair (CDP) in the formula of JGL, is used at high frequencies in many Miao medicine prescriptions for rheumatic diseases. However, previous research lacks the pharmacokinetic study of JGL, and study on the compatibility of its CDP with other medicinal herbs in the formula is needed. This study aims to establish a simple, rapid, and sensitive Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of four main bioactive components of JGL in rat plasma, including Salidroside (Sal), Anabasine (Ana), Chlorogenic Acid (CA), and Protocatechuic Acid (PCA), and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of two groups of rats after being orally administrated with JGL and its CDP extracts, respectively. The results showed that area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), mean retention time (MRT), and clearance rate (CL), of Sal, Ana, CA and PCA in the two groups of rats were changed in different degrees. The CDP combined with other drugs could significantly increase the absorption of Sal and Ana, prolong its retention time in vivo, and may accelerate the absorption rate of CA and PCA. This indicated that the combination of CDP and other herbs may affect the pharmacokinetics process of active components in vivo, increase the exposure and bioavailability of compounds in the JGL group, and prolong the retention time, which may be the reason why JGL has a better inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokines, providing a viable orientation for the compatibility investigation of herb medicines.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Administration, Oral; Alangiaceae; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Melia azedarach; Plants, Medicinal; Prescriptions; Ranunculales; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35807271
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134025 -
Toxins Jul 2016Teratogenic alkaloids can cause developmental defects due to the inhibition of fetal movement that results from desensitization of fetal muscle-type nicotinic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Teratogenic alkaloids can cause developmental defects due to the inhibition of fetal movement that results from desensitization of fetal muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We investigated the ability of two known teratogens, the piperidinyl-pyridine anabasine and its 1,2-dehydropiperidinyl analog anabaseine, to activate and desensitize peripheral nAChRs expressed in TE-671 and SH-SY5Y cells. Activation-concentration response curves for each alkaloid were obtained in the same multi-well plate. To measure rapid desensitization, cells were first exposed to five potentially-desensitizing concentrations of each alkaloid in log10 molar increments from 10 nM to 100 µM and then to a fixed concentration of acetylcholine (ACh), which alone produces near-maximal activation. The fifty percent desensitization concentration (DC50) was calculated from the alkaloid concentration-ACh response curve. Agonist fast desensitization potency was predicted by the agonist potency measured in the initial response. Anabaseine was a more potent desensitizer than anabasine. Relative to anabaseine, nicotine was more potent to autonomic nAChRs, but less potent to the fetal neuromuscular nAChRs. Our experiments have demonstrated that anabaseine is more effective at desensitizing fetal muscle-type nAChRs than anabasine or nicotine and, thus, it is predicted to be more teratogenic.
Topics: Anabasine; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cell Line, Tumor; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Tolerance; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Muscle Cells; Neurons; Nicotine; Nicotinic Agonists; Pyridines; Receptors, Nicotinic; Risk Assessment; Teratogens; Time Factors
PubMed: 27384586
DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070204 -
Trials Aug 2021Financial incentives are an effective way of helping women to stop smoking during pregnancy. Unfortunately, most women who stop smoking at this time return to smoking...
BACKGROUND
Financial incentives are an effective way of helping women to stop smoking during pregnancy. Unfortunately, most women who stop smoking at this time return to smoking within 12 months of the infant's birth. There is no evidence for interventions that are effective at preventing postpartum smoking relapse. Financial incentives provided after the birth may help women to sustain cessation. This randomised controlled trial will assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of financial incentives to help women who are abstinent from smoking at end-of-pregnancy to avoid return to smoking up to 12 months postpartum.
METHODS
This is a UK-based, multi-centre, three-arm, superiority, parallel group, individually randomised controlled trial, with 1:1:1 allocation. It will compare the effectiveness of two financial incentive interventions with each other (one intervention for up to 3 months postpartum offering up to £120 of incentives (£60 for the participant and £60 for a significant other support); the other for up to 12 months postpartum with up to £300 of incentives (£240 for the participant and £60 for a significant other support) and with a no incentives/usual care control group. Eligible women will be between 34 weeks gestation and 2 weeks postpartum, abstinent from smoking for at least 4 weeks, have an expired carbon monoxide (CO) reading < 4 parts per million (ppm), aged at least 16 years, intend remaining abstinent from smoking after the birth and able to speak and read English. The primary outcome is self-reported, lapse-free, smoking abstinence from the last quit attempt in pregnancy until 12 months postpartum, biochemically validated by expired CO and/or salivary cotinine or anabasine. Outcomes will be analysed by intention-to-treat and regression models used to compare the proportion of abstinent women between the two intervention groups and between each intervention group and the control group. An economic evaluation will assess the cost-effectiveness of offering incentives and a qualitative process evaluation will examine barriers and facilitators to trial retention, effectiveness and implementation.
DISCUSSION
This pragmatic randomised controlled trial will test whether offering financial incentives is effective and cost-effective for helping women to avoid smoking relapse during the 12 months after the birth of their baby.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number 55218215 . Registered retrospectively on 5th June 2019.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant; Motivation; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 34340694
DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05480-6 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2015Pyridine-type alkaloids are most common in Nicotiana species. To study the effect of alkaloid composition on bacterial community composition in floral nectar, we...
Pyridine-type alkaloids are most common in Nicotiana species. To study the effect of alkaloid composition on bacterial community composition in floral nectar, we compared the nicotine-rich wild type (WT) N. attenuata, the nicotine biosynthesis-silenced N. attenuata that was rich in anatabine and the anabasine-rich WT N. glauca plants. We found that the composition of these secondary metabolites in the floral nectar drastically affected the bacterial community richness, diversity and composition. Significant differences were found between the bacterial community compositions in the nectar of the three plants with a much greater species richness and diversity in the nectar from the transgenic plant. The highest community composition similarity index was detected between the two wild type plants. The different microbiome composition and diversity, caused by the different pyridine-type alkaloid composition, could modify the nutritional content of the nectar and consequently, may contribute to the change in the nectar consumption and visitation. These may indirectly have an effect on plant fitness.
Topics: Alkaloids; Bacteria; Phylogeny; Plant Nectar; Plants, Genetically Modified; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Principal Component Analysis; Pyridines; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Nicotiana
PubMed: 26122961
DOI: 10.1038/srep11536 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2018Tobacco smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases, especially lung cancer. Knowledge about population-wide tobacco use and exposure is essential to...
Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in raw wastewater as an innovative perspective for investigating population-wide exposure to third-hand smoke.
Tobacco smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases, especially lung cancer. Knowledge about population-wide tobacco use and exposure is essential to characterise its burden on public health and evaluate policy efficacy. Obtaining such knowledge remains challenging with current methods (e.g., surveys, biomonitoring) but can be achievable with wastewater analysis, a promising tool of retrieving epidemiology information. This study examined population-wide exposure to tobacco toxicants and carcinogens through wastewater analysis and explored relationships among these chemicals. Cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatabine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were analysed in samples from Greece, Switzerland and Belgium, where tobacco control policies are different. Measured per-capita mass loads were ranked as: nicotine biomarkers ≫ tobacco markers > carcinogens. Relationships between nicotine biomarkers and tobacco markers implied substantial use of non-tobacco nicotine items besides tobacco products. Geographic profiles of tobacco markers revealed higher levels in Geneva and Athens than Geraardsbergen and Ninove. Environmental third-hand smoke led to NNK detection, with elevated levels observed in Athens where indoor smoking is widespread, posing potential health risks to the population. Our novel outcomes are relevant for public health authorities as they provide indications about external exposure and can thus be used to plan and evaluate tobacco control policies.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anabasine; Belgium; Carcinogens; Cotinine; Greece; Humans; Nitrosamines; Public Health; Pyridines; Switzerland; Tobacco Products; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Wastewater
PubMed: 30185880
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31324-6