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MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Testosterone Congeners; Testosterone
PubMed: 38453872
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-024-3710-0 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 38637399
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-024-3861-z -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Oct 2022For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders,... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these substances gradually became more popular with recreational weightlifters. Considering its increasing prevalence, the consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become a matter of great concern. Although most side effects are mild and reversible, some of them can cause permanent damage or can be potentially life threatening.
OBJECTIVES
To review and summarize medical literature regarding misuse and abuse of testosterone and other androgens, in order to provide evidence-based information on the main topics related to this subject, such as how to identify and how to deal with these patients, and to elucidate the multiple possible adverse effects secondary to this practice.
METHODS
Key studies were retrieved from PubMed (1989-2021) with reference searches from relevant articles. Search terms included "hypogonadism", "anabolic androgenic steroids", "androgens", "misuse AND testosterone", "abuse AND testosterone", and "side effects AND testosterone".
RESULTS
There is a significant lack of information in the peer-reviewed literature describing demographic data, implications for different organ systems and the management of current or former AAS users; however, androgen abuse has been already linked to a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic, endocrine, neurological, psychiatric and liver disorders. Despite all this, most physicians still feel uncomfortable and hesitate to discuss the issue with patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The chronic use of high doses of AAS is associated with adverse effects in several organ systems; however, there are still many gaps in our knowledge about the long-term consequences of this practice and how to deal with these patients. Healthcare professionals have a crucial role in combating this public health problem, recognizing and preventing the spread of androgen abuse.
Topics: Humans; Anabolic Agents; Anabolic Androgenic Steroids; Androgens; Hypogonadism; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 37051948
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.10.002 -
Minerva Endocrinology Mar 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 34748296
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6507.21.03695-2 -
Current Urology Reports Jun 2018Hypogonadism and the treatment of low testosterone is increasingly a subject of medical inquiry and controversy. The few treatments that are FDA-approved such as... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Hypogonadism and the treatment of low testosterone is increasingly a subject of medical inquiry and controversy. The few treatments that are FDA-approved such as testosterone topicals, injections, and pellets create significant demand from patients for treatments with more convenient means of administration, fewer adverse effects, and the ability to maintain male fertility. Off-label drugs are in abundant use for low testosterone, including selective estrogen receptor modulators, gonadotropins, and aromatase inhibitors.
RECENT FINDINGS
In this review, we summarize the evidence in support of commonly used treatments for male hypogonadism, as well as discuss recent updates in the development of novel therapeutics. New therapies include nasal testosterone, new oral testosterone formulations, anabolic-androgenic steroids, and selective androgen receptor modulators.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Oral; Aromatase Inhibitors; Drug Discovery; Gonadotropins; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypogonadism; Male; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 29886559
DOI: 10.1007/s11934-018-0816-x -
The Biochemical Journal May 2021Cancer cachexia often occurs in malignant tumors and is a multifactorial and complex symptom characterized by wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Cancer cachexia often occurs in malignant tumors and is a multifactorial and complex symptom characterized by wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in weight loss, poor life quality and shorter survival. The pathogenic mechanism of cancer cachexia is complex, involving a variety of molecular substrates and signal pathways. Advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia have provided a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Although recent outcomes of early-phase trials have showed that several drugs presented an ideal curative effect, monotherapy cannot be entirely satisfactory in the treatment of cachexia-associated symptoms due to its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Therefore, the lack of definitive therapeutic strategies for cancer cachexia emphasizes the need to develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidences show that the progression of cachexia is associated with metabolic alternations, which mainly include excessive energy expenditure, increased proteolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we provided an overview of the key mechanisms of cancer cachexia, with a major focus on muscle atrophy, adipose tissue wasting, anorexia and fatigue and updated the latest progress of pharmacological management of cancer cachexia, thereby further advancing the interventions that can counteract cancer cachexia.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anorexia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Appetite Stimulants; Cachexia; Fatigue; Humans; Mitochondria; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Survival Analysis; Testosterone Congeners; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33970218
DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20201009 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Jun 2022
Topics: Humans; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 35650507
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-1202-7 -
Current Sports Medicine Reports Mar 2018Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone shown to increase muscle size and strength. Chemical substitutions on the testosterone molecule cause... (Review)
Review
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone shown to increase muscle size and strength. Chemical substitutions on the testosterone molecule cause increased potency and duration of action. The 17-α-alkylation modification allows steroids to be taken orally, but the slower clearance in the liver makes them more hepatotoxic. The frequency and severity of side effects depends on several factors including the formulation of the drug, route of administration, dosage, duration of use, and individual sensitivity and response. Anabolic steroid users tend to take supraphysiologic doses or multiple steroids and other drugs simultaneously which increases risk of adverse effects. Hepatotoxicity can be seen as elevated liver transaminases, acute cholestatic syndrome, chronic vascular injury, hepatic tumors, and toxicant-associated fatty liver disease, as well as significant changes in lipoproteins. Many of these changes will stabilize or reverse with cessation of steroid use, but some can be life-threatening. Over-the-counter supplements can be contaminated with anabolic steroids, causing hepatotoxicity in unsuspecting consumers.
Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Liver; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 29521706
DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000467 -
Mass Spectrometry Reviews Jan 2017Since the installation of anti-doping rules and regulations and their international enforcement in the mid-1960s, mass spectrometry has been an integral part of doping... (Review)
Review
Since the installation of anti-doping rules and regulations and their international enforcement in the mid-1960s, mass spectrometry has been an integral part of doping control procedures. Although its utility was limited in the first decade, instrumental improvements and method optimizations have made mass spectrometry, in all its facets, an indispensable tool in modern sports drug testing. In this review, milestones in doping control analysis accomplished in Germany and reaching from the early developments to the current use of hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques concerning low- and high molecular mass analytes are presented. The considered drug classes include anabolic agents, peptidic drugs, nucleotide-derived therapeutics, approved and non-approved organic as well as inorganic analytes, and particular focus is put on drug class- and instrument-driven strategies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:16-46, 2017.
Topics: Anabolic Agents; Chromatography, Liquid; Doping in Sports; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Germany; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Peptide Fragments; Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; Piperidines; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Somatostatin; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 26213263
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21479 -
Journal of Internal Medicine Aug 2019
Topics: Humans; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 30957922
DOI: 10.1111/joim.12885