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Pharmaceutical Medicine Dec 2020
Topics: Female; Humans; Accreditation; Administration, Sublingual; Anticonvulsants; Communication; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Ethics, Pharmacy; Fentanyl; Homeopathy; SARS-CoV-2; State Medicine; Testosterone Congeners; United Kingdom; Vaccines; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 33289911
DOI: 10.1007/s40290-020-00363-8 -
Praxis Sep 2016
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Frail Elderly; Humans; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Myostatin; Sarcopenia; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27705185
DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a002484 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2022Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.... (Review)
Review
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects. These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism. However, they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic, skeletal muscle building, and performance-enhancing effects. Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs, leading to cardiovascular, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, and hematologic disorders. Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse. Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis, peliosis hepatis, and hepatic benign and malignant tumors. It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors, upregulation of bile acid synthesis, and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia. Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS. However, some long-term consequences are irreversible. AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders, especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS. In this paper, we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver, and their clinical presentations, prevalence, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
Topics: Anabolic Agents; Androgens; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic; Humans; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 36051334
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3071 -
Vitamins and Hormones 2018Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a precursor of sex steroid hormones and is converted to testosterone and estradiol. Normally, androgens and estrogens produced adrenal... (Review)
Review
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a precursor of sex steroid hormones and is converted to testosterone and estradiol. Normally, androgens and estrogens produced adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary; however, recent studies revealed androgens and estrogens are synthesized by peripheral tissues such as brain, skin, liver, kidney, bone, etc. We found skeletal muscles are also capable of synthesizing androgens and estrogens from DHEA. Circulating DHEA provides substrates required for conversion into potent androgens and estrogens in peripheral tissues. Sex steroid hormone administration has important roles: one is that the enhancement of protein synthesis and anabolism, resulting in muscle growth and increased muscle strength. The other is improvement of hyperglycemia through the activation of glucose signaling pathway in skeletal muscle as well as acceleration of muscle lipid metabolism that increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and PPAR delta (PPARδ). We introduce the effect of DHEA and sex steroid hormones administration on muscle glucose and lipid metabolisms as well as the effect of sex steroid hormone on the muscle hypertrophy.
Topics: Animals; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Glucose; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal; Steroids
PubMed: 30029727
DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.03.002 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Jun 2022
Review
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 35650488
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-1232-1 -
Current Neuropharmacology Jan 2015Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal... (Review)
Review
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common performance enhancing drugs (PED) among society. Despite the broad spectrum of adverse effects and legal consequences, AAS are illicitly marketed and distributed in many countries. To circumvent existing laws, the chemical structure of AAS is modified and these designer steroids are sold as nutritional supplements mainly over the Internet. Several side effects are linked with AAS abuse. Only little is known about the pharmacological effects and metabolism of unapproved steroids due to the absence of clinical studies. The large number of designer steroid findings in dietary supplements and the detection of new compounds combined with legal loopholes for their distribution in many countries show that stricter regulations and better information policy are needed.
Topics: Anabolic Agents; Designer Drugs; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Steroids; Substance-Related Disorders; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 26074745
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X13666141210224756 -
Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease Mar 2017Drug abuse is widespread in many populations, and patients abusing illicit substances are at a significantly increased risk of kidney injury. The tubulointerstitial... (Review)
Review
Drug abuse is widespread in many populations, and patients abusing illicit substances are at a significantly increased risk of kidney injury. The tubulointerstitial compartment is a common target of these nephrotoxic agents. This review will cover some of the common illicit drugs and will focus on the tubulointerstitial injuries seen in the setting of drug abuse. Agents addressed in this review are synthetic cannabinoids, "bath salts," ecstasy, anabolic steroids, inhaled solvents, heroin, and cocaine. The most frequent biopsy findings are those of acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis. Unfortunately, histology is often unable to sufficiently narrow the differential diagnosis and point to a single likely cause. A high suspicion for drug abuse as a potential cause of kidney injury is needed to identify the patients for whom this is the cause of their kidney failure. Toxicology screens are often of little use in identifying patients using emerging drugs of abuse.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Alkaloids; Cannabinoids; Cocaine; Heroin; Humans; Illicit Drugs; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Nephritis, Interstitial; Solvents; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 28284383
DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2016.09.008 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Oct 2022For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders,... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these substances gradually became more popular with recreational weightlifters. Considering its increasing prevalence, the consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become a matter of great concern. Although most side effects are mild and reversible, some of them can cause permanent damage or can be potentially life threatening.
OBJECTIVES
To review and summarize medical literature regarding misuse and abuse of testosterone and other androgens, in order to provide evidence-based information on the main topics related to this subject, such as how to identify and how to deal with these patients, and to elucidate the multiple possible adverse effects secondary to this practice.
METHODS
Key studies were retrieved from PubMed (1989-2021) with reference searches from relevant articles. Search terms included "hypogonadism", "anabolic androgenic steroids", "androgens", "misuse AND testosterone", "abuse AND testosterone", and "side effects AND testosterone".
RESULTS
There is a significant lack of information in the peer-reviewed literature describing demographic data, implications for different organ systems and the management of current or former AAS users; however, androgen abuse has been already linked to a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic, endocrine, neurological, psychiatric and liver disorders. Despite all this, most physicians still feel uncomfortable and hesitate to discuss the issue with patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The chronic use of high doses of AAS is associated with adverse effects in several organ systems; however, there are still many gaps in our knowledge about the long-term consequences of this practice and how to deal with these patients. Healthcare professionals have a crucial role in combating this public health problem, recognizing and preventing the spread of androgen abuse. Linhares BL, Miranda EP, Cintra AR, et al. Use, Misuse and Abuse of Testosterone and Other Androgens. Sex Med Rev 2022;10:583-595.
Topics: Anabolic Agents; Androgens; Humans; Hypogonadism; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 34887237
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.10.002 -
The Lancet. Healthy Longevity Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Testosterone; Androgens; Hypogonadism; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 37804839
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00191-5 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Feb 2019
Topics: Adult; Echocardiography; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Male; Pulmonary Edema; Radiography, Thoracic; Testosterone Congeners; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Weight Lifting
PubMed: 30746985
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2019.80.2.i