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Current Opinion in Microbiology Feb 2015Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic oral commensal and a periodontal pathogen associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases. This article reviews its implication... (Review)
Review
Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic oral commensal and a periodontal pathogen associated with a wide spectrum of human diseases. This article reviews its implication in adverse pregnancy outcomes (chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal sepsis, preeclampsia), GI disorders (colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, appendicitis), cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory tract infections, Lemierre's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. The virulence mechanisms involved in the diseases are discussed, with emphasis on its colonization, systemic dissemination, and induction of host inflammatory and tumorigenic responses. The FadA adhesin/invasin conserved in F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor and a potential diagnostic marker for F. nucleatum-associated diseases.
Topics: Bacteria, Anaerobic; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Fusobacterium Infections; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 25576662
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.11.013 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jan 2021For decades, the term "anti-anaerobic" has been commonly used to refer to antibiotics exhibiting activity against anaerobic bacteria, also designated as anaerobes. This... (Review)
Review
For decades, the term "anti-anaerobic" has been commonly used to refer to antibiotics exhibiting activity against anaerobic bacteria, also designated as anaerobes. This term is used in various situations ranging from infections associated with well-identified pathogens like Clostridioides difficile, or Fusobacterium necrophorum in Lemierre's syndrome, that require specific antibiotic treatments to polymicrobial infections generally resulting from the decreased permeability of anatomical barriers (e.g., intestinal translocation and stercoral peritonitis) or infectious secondary localizations (e.g., brain abscess and infectious pleurisy). In these cases, the causal bacteria generally remain unidentified and the antimicrobial treatment is empirical. However, major progress in the knowledge of human bacterial microbiotas in the last 10 years has shown how diverse are the species involved in these communities. Here, we sought to reappraise the concept of anti-anaerobic spectrum in the light of recent advances in the microbiota field. We first highlight that the term anaerobic itself does not represent the tremendous diversity of the bacteria it spans, and then we stress that the antibiotic susceptibility profiles for most anaerobic bacteria remain unaddressed. Furthermore, we provide examples challenging the relevance of the "anti-anaerobic" spectrum from a clinical and ecological perspective.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Humans; Microbiota; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 33127500
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.052 -
Anaerobe Oct 2021This was a multicenter, retrospective study of patients with anaerobic bacteremia comparing metronidazole 500 mg every 8 h versus 500 mg every 12 h. Of 782 patients...
This was a multicenter, retrospective study of patients with anaerobic bacteremia comparing metronidazole 500 mg every 8 h versus 500 mg every 12 h. Of 782 patients reviewed, 85 met inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in mortality, length of stay, or escalation of therapy between dosing strategies.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33965559
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102378 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Mar 2018Aerobic methanotrophs have long been known to play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, being capable of converting methane to biomass and carbon dioxide.... (Review)
Review
Aerobic methanotrophs have long been known to play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, being capable of converting methane to biomass and carbon dioxide. Interestingly, these microbes exhibit great sensitivity to copper and rare-earth elements, with the expression of key genes involved in the central pathway of methane oxidation controlled by the availability of these metals. That is, these microbes have a "copper switch" that controls the expression of alternative methane monooxygenases and a "rare-earth element switch" that controls the expression of alternative methanol dehydrogenases. Further, it has been recently shown that some methanotrophs can detoxify inorganic mercury and demethylate methylmercury; this finding is remarkable, as the canonical organomercurial lyase does not exist in these methanotrophs, indicating that a novel mechanism is involved in methylmercury demethylation. Here, we review recent findings on methanotrophic interactions with metals, with a particular focus on these metal switches and the mechanisms used by methanotrophs to bind and sequester metals.
Topics: Bacteria, Anaerobic; Metals; Methane
PubMed: 29305514
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02289-17 -
Anaerobe Apr 2021
Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Humans; Microbiota
PubMed: 33975719
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102362 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Dec 2019Anaerobic bacteria are implicated in a broad range of infections and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. As such, development of antimicrobial resistance... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Anaerobic bacteria are implicated in a broad range of infections and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. As such, development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) increases the risk of worse clinical outcomes and death.
RECENT FINDINGS
Anaerobe AMR is highly variable according to region and species included in the survey. The overall trend is to increasing resistance, particularly in Europe and Asia, and in the Bacteroides fragilis group and Clostridium sp. Conversely, with the decline in RT027, resistance in Clostridiodes difficile is decreasing. Resistance to moxifloxacin and clindamycin has reached 30-50%, whereas prevalence of metronidazole and carbapenem resistance is generally low. Infections due to multidrug anaerobes have been increasingly reported, with clinical studies demonstrating adverse clinical outcomes, including higher mortality, with anaerobic resistance or inappropriate therapy. The role of antimicrobial stewardship in the setting of increasing anaerobe resistance is yet to be fully elucidated.
SUMMARY
These findings highlight the importance of continuous surveillance in monitoring emerging trends in anaerobe AMR. Mean inhibitory concentrations should be reported due to variable susceptibility breakpoints and for detection of isolates with reduced susceptibility. At a local level, the clinical microbiology laboratory has a key role in identifying and undertaking susceptibility testing to inform individual patient management, develop local antibiograms and liaise with antimicrobial stewardship teams. A greater understanding of the clinical impact of anaerobic resistance and the role of antimicrobial stewardship in preventing resistance is required.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Health Care Surveys; Humans
PubMed: 31567734
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000595 -
Future Microbiology Aug 2019Multidrug resistance (MDR) in anaerobes is not a well-known topic. group isolates have numerous resistance determinants such as multidrug efflux pumps, and genes and... (Review)
Review
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in anaerobes is not a well-known topic. group isolates have numerous resistance determinants such as multidrug efflux pumps, and genes and activating insertion sequences, and some isolates exhibited extensive drug-resistant patterns. MDR rates in group were from 1.5 to >18% and up to >71% in and positive isolates carrying insertion sequences. MDR was present in >1/2 of isolates, most often in epidemic/hypervirulent strains and unusually high metronidazole or vancomycin resistance has been reported in single studies. MDR was found in spp. (in ≤10% of isolates), spp. and . Resistance in the anaerobes tends to be less predictable and anaerobic microbiology is required in more laboratories. New hopes may be new antibiotics such as eravacycline, cadazolid, surotomycin, ridinilazol or toxoid vaccines; however, more efforts are needed to track the MDR in anaerobes.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 31469008
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0132 -
Current Opinion in Chemical Biology Aug 2019Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for investigating living cells. While widely used fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), have had huge... (Review)
Review
Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for investigating living cells. While widely used fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), have had huge impact in biological imaging because they provide genetically encoded, highly specific labeling, these probes require oxygen to generate fluorescence. This crucial oxidative step has limited the use of GFP-like proteins in anaerobic bacterial systems and restricted live-cell studies of obligate anaerobes and their biology. This review discusses alternative approaches to labeling proteins in anaerobic bacteria that are compatible with live-cell fluorescence microscopy in strict oxygen-free environments. The advantages, disadvantages, and likelihood of successful implementation for each approach are considered to provide context and guide further advances in anaerobic fluorescence labeling.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Proteins; Fluorescent Dyes; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence
PubMed: 31252372
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.008 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology Feb 2019Anaerobes are known to constitute an important part of the airway microbiota in both healthy subjects and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Studies on the potential role of... (Review)
Review
Anaerobes are known to constitute an important part of the airway microbiota in both healthy subjects and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Studies on the potential role of anaerobic bacteria in CF and thus their involvement in CF pathophysiology have reported contradictory results, and the question is still not elucidated. The aim of this study was to summarize anaerobe diversity in the airway microbiota and its potential role in CF, to provide an overview of the state of knowledge on anaerobe antibiotic resistances (resistome), and to investigate the detectable metabolites produced by anaerobes in CF airways (metabolome). This review emphasizes key metabolites produced by strict anaerobic bacteria (sphingolipids, fermentation-induced metabolites and metabolites involved in quorum-sensing), which may be essential for the better understanding of lung disease pathophysiology in CF.
Topics: Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Biodiversity; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Metabolome; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 30663924
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2018.1549019 -
Anaerobe Dec 2015In an effort to improve mobility and alleviate pain from degenerative and connective tissue joint disease, an increasing number of individuals are undergoing prosthetic... (Review)
Review
In an effort to improve mobility and alleviate pain from degenerative and connective tissue joint disease, an increasing number of individuals are undergoing prosthetic joint replacement in the United States. Joint replacement is a highly effective intervention, resulting in improved quality of life and increased independence [1]. By 2030, it is predicted that approximately 4 million total hip and knee arthroplasties will be performed yearly in the United States [2]. One of the major complications associated with this procedure is prosthetic joint infection (PJI), occurring at a rate of 1-2% [3-7]. In 2011, the Musculoskeletal Infectious Society created a unifying definition for prosthetic joint infection [8]. The following year, the Infectious Disease Society of America published practice guidelines that focused on the diagnosis and management of PJI. These guidelines focused on the management of commonly encountered organisms associated with PJI, including staphylococci, streptococci and select aerobic Gram-negative bacteria. However, with the exception of Propionibacterium acnes, management of other anaerobic organisms was not addressed in these guidelines [1]. Although making up approximately 3-6% of PJI [9,10], anaerobic microorganisms cause devastating complications, and similar to the more common organisms associated with PJI, these bacteria also result in significant morbidity, poor outcomes and increased health-care costs. Data on diagnosis and management of anaerobic PJI is mostly derived from case reports, along with a few cohort studies [3]. There is a paucity of published data outlining factors associated with risks, diagnosis and management of anaerobic PJI. We therefore reviewed available literature on anaerobic PJI by systematically searching the PubMed database, and collected data from secondary searches to determine information on pathogenesis, demographic data, clinical features, diagnosis and management. We focused our search on five commonly encountered anaerobic organisms associated with PJI. Since anaerobic PJI has also been linked to dental procedures, we also reviewed information on the use of dental procedures and prophylaxis, when available.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Humans; Joint Prosthesis; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 26341272
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.08.003