-
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Sucrose is a primary metabolite in plants, a source of energy, a source of carbon atoms for growth and development, and a regulator of biochemical processes. Most of the... (Review)
Review
Sucrose is a primary metabolite in plants, a source of energy, a source of carbon atoms for growth and development, and a regulator of biochemical processes. Most of the traditional analytical chemistry methods for sucrose quantification in plants require sample treatment (with consequent tissue destruction) and complex facilities, that do not allow real-time sucrose quantification at ultra-low concentrations (nM to pM range) under in vivo conditions, limiting our understanding of sucrose roles in plant physiology across different plant tissues and cellular compartments. Some of the above-mentioned problems may be circumvented with the use of bio-compatible ligands for molecular recognition of sucrose. Nevertheless, problems such as the signal-noise ratio, stability, and selectivity are some of the main challenges limiting the use of molecular recognition methods for the in vivo quantification of sucrose. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the existing analytical chemistry tools, biosensors, and synthetic ligands, for sucrose quantification and discuss the most promising paths to improve upon its limits of detection. Our goal is to highlight the criteria design need for real-time, in vivo, highly sensitive and selective sucrose sensing capabilities to enable further our understanding of living organisms, the development of new plant breeding strategies for increased crop productivity and sustainability, and ultimately to contribute to the overarching need for food security.
Topics: Sucrose; Carbon; Chemistry, Analytic; Crop Production; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 36502213
DOI: 10.3390/s22239511 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Jan 2015To improve selectivity during sample pretreatment, various selective tools inducing a molecular recognition mechanism during the extraction procedure have been... (Review)
Review
To improve selectivity during sample pretreatment, various selective tools inducing a molecular recognition mechanism during the extraction procedure have been developed, such as sorbents constituted of immobilized antibodies, i.e., immunosorbents, or molecularly imprinted polymers. More recently, as an alternative to both previous approaches, aptamers immobilized onto a solid support, i.e., oligosorbents, were proposed. Thanks to the high affinity and high selectivity of the interaction that some aptamers offer toward some target analytes, they also provide powerful techniques that make selective extraction and the concentration of a target analyte from liquid matrices in one step or sample purification of extracts from solid matrices possible. This review describes the development and the properties of these oligosorbents developed for different types of targets-pharmaceuticals, mycotoxins, proteins, cells, etc. After describing the immobilization procedures, we discuss different parameters characterizing the potential of aptamer-based supports as extraction sorbents. Close relations exist between extraction recoveries and the affinity and amounts of aptamers immobilized on the extraction device. In addition, analyte-aptamer interactions may be affected by matrix components and by additives in the samples. This may also lower extraction recoveries and affect the stability and the possible reusability of the aptamer-based sorbent. All these points are discussed and illustrated. Numerous examples of applications of these sorbents to the treatment of complex samples such as food samples, environmental samples, and biological fluids are also reported. Their association with analytical devices, from conventional to miniaturized analytical systems, is also discussed.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Immobilized Nucleic Acids; Miniaturization; Molecular Probes; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 25286873
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8129-5 -
Mikrochimica Acta Oct 2022The cornerstone of nanomaterial-based sensing systems is the synthesis of nanoparticles with appropriate surface functionalization that ensures their stability and... (Review)
Review
The cornerstone of nanomaterial-based sensing systems is the synthesis of nanoparticles with appropriate surface functionalization that ensures their stability and determines their reactivity with organic or inorganic analytes. To accomplish these requirements, various compounds are used as additives or growth factors to regulate the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles and their reactivity with the target analytes. A different rationale is to use the target analytes as additives or growth agents to control the formation and properties of nanoparticles. The main difference is that the analyte recognition event occurs before or during the formation of nanoparticles and it is based on the reactivity of the analytes with the precursor materials of the nanoparticles (e.g., metal ions, reducing agents, and coatings). The transition from the ionic (or molecular) state of the precursor materials to ordered nanostructured assemblies is used for sensing and signal transduction for the qualitative detection and the quantitative determination of the target analytes, respectively. This review focuses on assays that are based on analyte-mediated regulation of nanoparticles' formation and differentiate them from standard nanoparticle-based assays which rely on pre-synthesized nanoparticles. Firstly, the principles of analyte-mediated nanomaterial sensors are described and then they are discussed with emphasis on the sensing strategies, the signal transduction mechanisms, and their applications. Finally, the main advantages, as well as the limitations of this approach, are discussed and compared with assays that rely on pre-synthesized nanoparticles in order to highlight the major advances accomplished with this type of nano-sensors and elucidate challenges and opportunities for further evolving new nano-sensing strategies.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Nanoparticles; Nanostructures; Metals; Ions
PubMed: 36307660
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05536-7 -
Journal of AOAC International 2015The concept of Sample Quality Criteria (SQC) is the initial step in the scientific approach to representative sampling. It includes the establishment of sampling...
The concept of Sample Quality Criteria (SQC) is the initial step in the scientific approach to representative sampling. It includes the establishment of sampling objectives, Decision Unit (DU), and confidence. Once fully defined, these criteria serve as input, in addition to material properties, to the Theory of Sampling for developing a representative sampling protocol. The first component of the SQC establishes these questions: What is the analyte(s) of concern? What is the concentration level of interest of the analyte(s)? How will inference(s) be made from the analytical data to the DU? The second component of the SQC establishes the DU, i.e., the scale at which decisions are to be made. On a large scale, a DU could be a ship or rail car; examples for small-scale DUs are individual beans, seeds, or kernels. A well-defined DU is critical because it defines the spatial and temporal boundaries of sample collection. SQC are not limited to a single DU; they can also include multiple DUs. The third SQC component, the confidence, establishes the desired probability that a correct inference (decision) can be made. The confidence level should typically correlate to the potential consequences of an incorrect decision (e.g., health or economic). The magnitude of combined errors in the sampling, sample processing and analytical protocols determines the likelihood of an incorrect decision. Thus, controlling error to a greater extent increases the probability of a correct decision. The required confidence level directly affects the sampling effort and QC measures.
Topics: Animal Feed; Food Analysis; Research Design
PubMed: 25806499
DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.14-247 -
Bioanalysis Aug 2023Microextraction techniques have attracted the attention of many researchers working in the field of bioanalysis due to their unique advantages, mainly in downsizing the... (Review)
Review
Microextraction techniques have attracted the attention of many researchers working in the field of bioanalysis due to their unique advantages, mainly in downsizing the scale of sample preparation steps. In parallel, analytical derivatization offers a powerful combination in terms of additional sensitivity, selectivity and compatibility with modern separation techniques. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent advances in bioanalytical sample preparation based on the combination of microextraction and analytical derivatization. Both innovative fundamental reports and analyte-targeted applications are included and discussed. Dispersive liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction are the most common techniques that typically combined with derivatization, while the development of novel and greener protocols is receiving substantial consideration in the field of analytical chemistry.
Topics: Humans; Chemistry, Analytic; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Research Personnel; Solid Phase Microextraction; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 37638635
DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0121 -
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2023Accurate quantification of biomarkers has always been a challenge for many bioanalytical scientists due to their endogenous nature and low concentration in biological... (Review)
Review
Accurate quantification of biomarkers has always been a challenge for many bioanalytical scientists due to their endogenous nature and low concentration in biological matrices. Different analytical approaches have been developed for quantifying biomarkers including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and chromatographic techniques assisted with mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based quantification of biomarkers has gained more attention over other traditional techniques due to its higher sensitivity and selectivity. However, the primary challenge lies with this technique includes the unavailability of a blank matrix for method development. To overcome this challenge, different analytical approaches are being developed including surrogate analyte and surrogate matrix approach. Such approaches include quantification of biomarkers in a surrogate matrix or quantification of an isotopically labeled surrogate analyte in an authentic matrix. To demonstrate the authenticity of the surrogate approach, it is mandatory to establish quantitative parallelism through validation employing respective surrogate analytes and surrogate matrices. In this review, different bioanalytical approaches for biomarker quantification and recent advancements in the field aiming for improvement in the specificity of the techniques have been discussed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based surrogate approaches for biomarker quantification and significance of parallelism establishment in both surrogate matrix and surrogate analyte-based approaches have been critically discussed. In addition, different methods for demonstrating parallelism in the surrogate method have been explained.
Topics: Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, Liquid; Biomarkers
PubMed: 35138951
DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2035210 -
Bioanalysis 2015Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as a sorbent for different extraction methods and this is due to its... (Review)
Review
Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as a sorbent for different extraction methods and this is due to its high selectivity. The MIP is designed to show specificity for the analyte of interest. Moreover, MIPs show physical robustness, resistance to high temperatures and pressures, and stability in the presence of acids, bases and a wide range of organic solvents. In the present article, various novel sample preparation techniques which MIPs applied as sorbent and on-line connected with analytical instruments were highlighted and discussed. The future aspects of MIPs as well were described.
Topics: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; Chemical Fractionation; Humans; Molecular Imprinting; Polymers
PubMed: 26378937
DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.153 -
The AAPS Journal May 2022Decades of discussion and publication have gone into the guidance from the scientific community and the regulatory agencies on the use and validation of pharmacokinetic...
Decades of discussion and publication have gone into the guidance from the scientific community and the regulatory agencies on the use and validation of pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic assays by chromatographic and ligand binding assays for the measurement of drugs and metabolites. These assay validations are well described in the FDA Guidance on Bioanalytical Methods Validation (BMV, 2018). While the BMV included biomarker assay validation, the focus was on understanding the challenges posed in validating biomarker assays and the importance of having reliable biomarker assays when used for regulatory submissions, rather than definition of the appropriate experiments to be performed. Different from PK bioanalysis, analysis of biomarkers can be challenging due to the presence of target analyte(s) in the control matrices used for calibrator and quality control sample preparation, and greater difficulty in procuring appropriate reference standards representative of the endogenous molecule. Several papers have been published offering recommendations for biomarker assay validation. The situational nature of biomarker applications necessitates fit-for-purpose (FFP) assay validation. A unifying theme for FFP analysis is that method validation requirements be consistent with the proposed context of use (COU) for any given biomarker. This communication provides specific recommendations for biomarker assay validation (BAV) by LC-MS, for both small and large molecule biomarkers. The consensus recommendations include creation of a validation plan that contains definition of the COU of the assay, use of the PK assay validation elements that support the COU, and definition of assay validation elements adapted to fit biomarker assays and the acceptance criteria for both.
Topics: Biological Assay; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Reference Standards
PubMed: 35534647
DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00707-z -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... May 2024Paper-based sensors, often referred to as paper-based analytical devices (PADs), stand as a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry. They offer an... (Review)
Review
Paper-based sensors, often referred to as paper-based analytical devices (PADs), stand as a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry. They offer an affordable, versatile, and accessible solution for diverse analyte detection. These sensors harness the unique properties of paper substrates to provide a cost-effective and adaptable platform for rapid analyte detection, spanning chemical species, biomolecules, and pathogens. This review highlights the key attributes that make paper-based sensors an attractive choice for analyte detection. PADs demonstrate their versatility by accommodating a wide range of analytes, from ions and gases to proteins, nucleic acids, and more, with customizable designs for specific applications. Their user-friendly operation and minimal infrastructure requirements suit point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and more. This review also explores various fabrication methods such as inkjet printing, wax printing, screen printing, dip coating, and photolithography. Incorporating nanomaterials and biorecognition elements promises even more sophisticated and sensitive applications.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Paper; Humans; Equipment Design; Environmental Monitoring; Nucleic Acids; Proteins; Nanostructures
PubMed: 38639474
DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02258g -
Chemical Reviews Jan 2019A comprehensive review on the development and state of the art of colorimetric and fluorometric sensor arrays is presented. Chemical sensing aims to detect subtle... (Review)
Review
A comprehensive review on the development and state of the art of colorimetric and fluorometric sensor arrays is presented. Chemical sensing aims to detect subtle changes in the chemical environment by transforming relevant chemical or physical properties of molecular or ionic species (i.e., analytes) into an analytically useful output. Optical arrays based on chemoresponsive colorants (dyes and nanoporous pigments) probe the chemical reactivity of analytes, rather than their physical properties (e.g., mass). The chemical specificity of the olfactory system does not come from specific receptors for specific analytes (e.g., the traditional lock-and-key model of substrate-enzyme interactions), but rather olfaction makes use of pattern recognition of the combined response of several hundred olfactory receptors. In a similar fashion, arrays of chemoresponsive colorants provide high-dimensional data from the color or fluorescence changes of the dyes in these arrays as they are exposed to analytes. This provides chemical sensing with high sensitivity (often down to parts per billion levels), impressive discrimination among very similar analytes, and exquisite fingerprinting of extremely similar mixtures over a wide range of analyte types, in both the gas and liquid phases. Design of both sensor arrays and instrumentation for their analysis are discussed. In addition, the various chemometric and statistical analyses of high-dimensional data (including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVMs), and artificial neural networks (ANNs)) are presented and critiqued in reference to their use in chemical sensing. A variety of applications are also discussed, including personal dosimetry of toxic industrial chemical, detection of explosives or accelerants, quality control of foods and beverages, biosensing intracellularly, identification of bacteria and fungi, and detection of cancer and disease biomarkers.
Topics: Colorimetry; Electronic Nose; Fluorometry
PubMed: 30207700
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00226