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Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Mar 2023Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are an area of active investigation in clinical chemistry. Numerous publications have demonstrated the promise of AI across all... (Review)
Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are an area of active investigation in clinical chemistry. Numerous publications have demonstrated the promise of AI across all phases of testing including preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases; this includes novel methods for detecting common specimen collection errors, predicting laboratory results and diagnoses, and enhancing autoverification workflows. Although AI applications pose several ethical and operational challenges, these technologies are expected to transform the practice of the clinical chemistry laboratory in the near future.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Chemistry, Clinical
PubMed: 36764808
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.09.005 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Sep 2022
Topics: Chemistry, Analytic
PubMed: 35831536
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04211-3 -
Journal of Proteome Research Apr 2022Advanced analytic techniques, such as ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry, as well as improved bioinformatics technology, have promoted the field of genome... (Review)
Review
Advanced analytic techniques, such as ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry, as well as improved bioinformatics technology, have promoted the field of genome annotation forward and have identified thousands of likely coding short open reading frames (sORFs) in the human genome. The discovery of sORFs and their products allows us to realize that the complexity of the human genome is far greater than previously assumed. Here, we provide a review of human micropeptides encoded by various transcripts such as mitochondrial rRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, upstream of mRNAs, and so on.
Topics: Computational Biology; Genome, Human; Humans; Open Reading Frames; Peptides; Ribosomes
PubMed: 35253438
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00889 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Oct 2022
Topics: Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chemistry, Analytic; Green Chemistry Technology
PubMed: 35974198
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04273-3 -
Chemical Reviews Apr 2023Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation,... (Review)
Review
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
PubMed: 37031400
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00828 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Functional genomics requires an understanding of the complete network of changes within an organism by extensive measurements of moieties from mRNA, proteins, and... (Review)
Review
Functional genomics requires an understanding of the complete network of changes within an organism by extensive measurements of moieties from mRNA, proteins, and metabolites. Metabolomics utilizes analytic chemistry tools to profile the complete spectrum of metabolites found in a tissue, cells, or biofluids using a wide range of tools from infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. In this protocol, we outline a procedure for performing metabolomic analysis of urine samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We outline the advantages of using this approach and summarize some of the early promising studies in cardiovascular diseases using this approach.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Hypertension; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 28116707
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6625-7_5 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Sucrose is a primary metabolite in plants, a source of energy, a source of carbon atoms for growth and development, and a regulator of biochemical processes. Most of the... (Review)
Review
Sucrose is a primary metabolite in plants, a source of energy, a source of carbon atoms for growth and development, and a regulator of biochemical processes. Most of the traditional analytical chemistry methods for sucrose quantification in plants require sample treatment (with consequent tissue destruction) and complex facilities, that do not allow real-time sucrose quantification at ultra-low concentrations (nM to pM range) under in vivo conditions, limiting our understanding of sucrose roles in plant physiology across different plant tissues and cellular compartments. Some of the above-mentioned problems may be circumvented with the use of bio-compatible ligands for molecular recognition of sucrose. Nevertheless, problems such as the signal-noise ratio, stability, and selectivity are some of the main challenges limiting the use of molecular recognition methods for the in vivo quantification of sucrose. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the existing analytical chemistry tools, biosensors, and synthetic ligands, for sucrose quantification and discuss the most promising paths to improve upon its limits of detection. Our goal is to highlight the criteria design need for real-time, in vivo, highly sensitive and selective sucrose sensing capabilities to enable further our understanding of living organisms, the development of new plant breeding strategies for increased crop productivity and sustainability, and ultimately to contribute to the overarching need for food security.
Topics: Sucrose; Carbon; Chemistry, Analytic; Crop Production; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 36502213
DOI: 10.3390/s22239511 -
Annual Review of Biochemistry Jun 2019Over the past six decades, steadily increasing progress in the application of the principles and techniques of the physical sciences to the study of biological systems... (Review)
Review
Over the past six decades, steadily increasing progress in the application of the principles and techniques of the physical sciences to the study of biological systems has led to remarkable insights into the molecular basis of life. Of particular significance has been the way in which the determination of the structures and dynamical properties of proteins and nucleic acids has so often led directly to a profound understanding of the nature and mechanism of their functional roles. The increasing number and power of experimental and theoretical techniques that can be applied successfully to living systems is now ushering in a new era of structural biology that is leading to fundamentally new information about the maintenance of health, the origins of disease, and the development of effective strategies for therapeutic intervention. This article provides a brief overview of some of the most powerful biophysical methods in use today, along with references that provide more detailed information about recent applications of each of them. In addition, this article acts as an introduction to four authoritative reviews in this volume. The first shows the ways that a multiplicity of biophysical methods can be combined with computational techniques to define the architectures of complex biological systems, such as those involving weak interactions within ensembles of molecular components. The second illustrates one aspect of this general approach by describing how recent advances in mass spectrometry, particularly in combination with other techniques, can generate fundamentally new insights into the properties of membrane proteins and their functional interactions with lipid molecules. The third reviewdemonstrates the increasing power of rapidly evolving diffraction techniques, employing the very short bursts of X-rays of extremely high intensity that are now accessible as a result of the construction of free-electron lasers, in particular to carry out time-resolved studies of biochemical reactions. The fourth describes in detail the application of such approaches to probe the mechanism of the light-induced changes associated with bacteriorhodopsin's ability to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Topics: Chemistry, Analytic; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallography, X-Ray; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Lasers; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Biology; Nucleic Acids; Proteins
PubMed: 30986087
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111947 -
American Journal of Health-system... Apr 2017The biosimilar development process, comparability for biological agents, and analytic characterization of biosimilars are described.
PURPOSE
The biosimilar development process, comparability for biological agents, and analytic characterization of biosimilars are described.
SUMMARY
Healthcare providers must understand the requirements for biosimilar approval, including the science behind biosimilar development and testing that contributes to the totality of evidence. The foundation of development is to demonstrate that a biosimilar is highly similar to the reference product through analytic characterization. Advances in analytic techniques enable scientists to extensively characterize biological products to identify potential product differences compared with the reference product that may affect the purity, safety, and efficacy of the biosimilar candidate. When developing a biosimilar, the clinical efficacy of the biological product has been proven with trials from the reference biological product; therefore, analytic testing on the molecular structure and biological function becomes the focus. In addition, nonclinical studies in animals are performed, including toxicology and immunogenicity testing. In humans, clinical pharmacology studies are performed to evaluate the safety and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the proposed biosimilar. If there is any residual uncertainty about the proposed biological product after this testing, the developer should use guidance from the Food and Drug Administration to determine what additional clinical studies may be needed to adequately address that uncertainty.
CONCLUSION
Requirements for the approval of a biosimilar product include analytic characterization, which tests for similarity in primary amino acid structure, analysis of higher-order structure using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, detection of posttranslational modifications, assessment of optimal target binding, and testing for impurities and optimal potency.
Topics: Animals; Biological Factors; Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Circular Dichroism; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Drug Approval; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Therapeutic Equivalency; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 28389456
DOI: 10.2146/ajhp150971 -
ACS Sensors May 2022Most current invasive analytic devices for disease diagnosis and monitoring require the collection of blood, which causes great discomfort for patients and may... (Review)
Review
Most current invasive analytic devices for disease diagnosis and monitoring require the collection of blood, which causes great discomfort for patients and may potentially cause infection. This explains the great need for noninvasive devices that utilize other bodily fluids like sweat, saliva, tears, or urine. Among them, eye tears are easily accessible, less complex in composition, and less susceptible to dilution. Tears also contain valuable clinical information for the diagnosis of ocular and systemic diseases as the tear analyte level shows great correlation with the blood analyte level. These unique advantages make tears a promising platform for use in clinical settings. As the volume of tear film and the rate of tear flow are only microliters in size, the use of microfluidic technology in analytic devices allows minimal sample consumption. Hence, more and more microfluidic tear analytic devices have been proposed, and their working mechanisms can be broadly categorized into four main types: (a) electrochemical, (b) photonic crystals, (c) fluorescence, and (d) colorimetry. These devices are being developed toward the application of point-of-care tests with rapid yet accurate results. This review aims to provide a general overview of the recent developmental trend of microfluidic devices for tear analysis. Moreover, the fundamental principle behind each type of device along with their strengths and weaknesses will be discussed, especially in terms of their abilities and potential in being used in point-of-care settings.
Topics: Body Fluids; Humans; Microfluidics; Sweat; Tears
PubMed: 35579258
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00569