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Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Et... Nov 2022Embryology and anatomy of the chest wall and breast will be developed in this chapter. The walls of the thorax will be described; the anatomical notions of thoracic...
Embryology and anatomy of the chest wall and breast will be developed in this chapter. The walls of the thorax will be described; the anatomical notions of thoracic deformities will be detailed. The anatomy of the mammary gland will be developed around the understanding of the means of fixity and vascularization. The anatomical descriptions come from the writings of ancient anatomists, notably Testut and Latarjet, as well as the iconographies taken from their various works.
Topics: Anatomy; Breast; Humans; Thorax
PubMed: 35970650
DOI: 10.1016/j.anplas.2022.07.013 -
Child's Nervous System : ChNS :... Aug 2023Benedict Stilling (1810-1879), was a prolific, prominent, and ambitious anatomist, who performed works on the organization of the nervous system for many years. He made...
Benedict Stilling (1810-1879), was a prolific, prominent, and ambitious anatomist, who performed works on the organization of the nervous system for many years. He made numerous observations on the anatomy of the nervous system in various animal species. Stilling contributed to the establishment of significant foundations in the anatomy of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum. Stilling paved the way for future researchers by describing the techniques he used in his diligent studies published in his published books. In his books, which include many drawings and cadaveric images, he revealed the relationships between the structures in the nervous system. He also made significant contributions to neuroanatomy terminology by coining terms in these books. At the same time, some nuclei in the anatomy of the nervous system were later named after him as an eponym by many researchers. Therefore, Stilling's neuroanatomical works, which are still important today, should be appreciated. This article aims to emphasize his pioneering work in neuroanatomy.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Male; Neuroanatomy; Spinal Cord; Brain Stem; Cerebellum; Eponyms
PubMed: 35357551
DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05512-9 -
Clinical Rheumatology Jul 2015Clinical anatomy may be defined as anatomy that is applied to the care of the patient. It is the foundation of a well-informed physical examination that is so important... (Review)
Review
Clinical anatomy may be defined as anatomy that is applied to the care of the patient. It is the foundation of a well-informed physical examination that is so important in rheumatologic practice. Unfortunately, there is both documented and observed evidence of a significant deficiency in the teaching and performance of a competent musculoskeletal examination at multiple levels of medical education including in rheumatology trainees. At the Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology in Boston, MA, that took place in November 2014, a Clinical Anatomy Study Group met to share techniques of teaching clinical anatomy to rheumatology fellows, residents, and students. Techniques that were reviewed included traditional anatomic diagrams, hands-on cross-examination, cadaver study, and musculoskeletal ultrasound. The proceedings of the Study Group section are described in this review.
Topics: Anatomy; Curriculum; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Fellowships and Scholarships; Humans; Internship and Residency; Mexico; Musculoskeletal System; Rheumatology; Students, Medical; United States
PubMed: 26037454
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2984-0 -
Neuropsychologia Mar 2016The fusiform gyrus (FG) is commonly included in anatomical atlases and is considered a key structure for functionally-specialized computations of high-level vision such... (Review)
Review
The fusiform gyrus (FG) is commonly included in anatomical atlases and is considered a key structure for functionally-specialized computations of high-level vision such as face perception, object recognition, and reading. However, it is not widely known that the FG has a contentious history. In this review, we first provide a historical analysis of the discovery of the FG and why certain features, such as the mid-fusiform sulcus, were discovered and then forgotten. We then discuss how observer-independent methods for identifying cytoarchitectonical boundaries of the cortex revolutionized our understanding of cytoarchitecture and the correspondence between those boundaries and cortical folding patterns of the FG. We further explain that the co-occurrence between cortical folding patterns and cytoarchitectonical boundaries are more common than classically thought and also, are functionally meaningful especially on the FG and probably in high-level visual cortex more generally. We conclude by proposing a series of alternatives for how the anatomical organization of the FG can accommodate seemingly different theoretical aspects of functional processing, such as domain specificity and perceptual expertise.
Topics: Face; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; Humans; Neuroanatomy; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 26119921
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.033 -
Anatomical Sciences Education May 2020Neuroanatomy education is a challenging field which could benefit from modern innovations, such as augmented reality (AR) applications. This study investigates the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Neuroanatomy education is a challenging field which could benefit from modern innovations, such as augmented reality (AR) applications. This study investigates the differences on test scores, cognitive load, and motivation after neuroanatomy learning using AR applications or using cross-sections of the brain. Prior to two practical assignments, a pretest (extended matching questions, double-choice questions and a test on cross-sectional anatomy) and a mental rotation test (MRT) were completed. Sex and MRT scores were used to stratify students over the two groups. The two practical assignments were designed to study (1) general brain anatomy and (2) subcortical structures. Subsequently, participants completed a posttest similar to the pretest and a motivational questionnaire. Finally, a focus group interview was conducted to appraise participants' perceptions. Medical and biomedical students (n = 31); 19 males (61.3%) and 12 females (38.7%), mean age 19.2 ± 1.7 years participated in this experiment. Students who worked with cross-sections (n = 16) showed significantly more improvement on test scores than students who worked with GreyMapp-AR (P = 0.035) (n = 15). Further analysis showed that this difference was primarily caused by significant improvement on the cross-sectional questions. Students in the cross-section group, moreover, experienced a significantly higher germane (P = 0.009) and extraneous cognitive load (P = 0.016) than students in the GreyMapp-AR group. No significant differences were found in motivational scores. To conclude, this study suggests that AR applications can play a role in future anatomy education as an add-on educational tool, especially in learning three-dimensional relations of anatomical structures.
Topics: Adolescent; Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; Augmented Reality; Brain; Cognition; Curriculum; Dissection; Education; Educational Measurement; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Learning; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Male; Neuroanatomy; Program Evaluation; Students; Young Adult
PubMed: 31269322
DOI: 10.1002/ase.1912 -
Journal of the Association For Research... Feb 2020This study aims to document the historical conceptualization of the inner ear as the anatomical location for the appreciation of sound at a continuum of frequencies and... (Review)
Review
This study aims to document the historical conceptualization of the inner ear as the anatomical location for the appreciation of sound at a continuum of frequencies and to examine the evolution of concepts of tonotopic organization to our current understanding. Primary sources used are from the sixth century BCE through the twentieth century CE. Each work/reference was analyzed from two points of view: to understand the conception of hearing and the role of the inner ear and to define the main evidential method. The dependence on theory alone in the ancient world led to inaccurate conceptualization of the mechanism of hearing. In the sixteenth century, Galileo described the physical and mathematical basis of resonance. The first theory of tonotopic organization, advanced in the seventeenth century, was that high-frequency sound is mediated at the apex of the cochlea and low-frequency at the base of the cochlea. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, more accurate anatomical information was developed which led to what we now know is the accurate view of tonotopic organization: the high-frequency sound is mediated at the base and low-frequency sound at the apex. The electrical responses of the ear discovered in 1930 allowed for physiological studies that were consistent with the concept of a high to low tone sensitivity continuum from base to apex. In the mid-twentieth century, physical observations of models and anatomical specimens confirmed the findings of greater sensitivity to high tones at the base and low tones at the apex and, further, demonstrated that for high-intensity sound, there was a spread of effect through the entire cochlea, more so for low-frequency tones than for high tones. Animal and human behavioral studies provided empirical proof that sound is mediated at a continuum of frequencies from high tones at the base through low tones at the apex of the cochlea. Current understanding of the tonotopic organization of the inner ear with regard to pure tones is the result of the acquisition over time of knowledge of acoustics and the anatomy, physical properties, and physiology of the inner ear, with the ultimate verification being behavioral studies. Examination of this complex evolution leads to understanding of the way each approach and evidential method through time draws upon previously developed knowledge, with behavioral studies providing empirical verification.
Topics: Anatomy; Animals; Ear, Inner; Hearing; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Physiology
PubMed: 32020418
DOI: 10.1007/s10162-019-00741-3 -
BioMed Research International 2019Development of modern surgical techniques is associated with the need for a thorough knowledge of surgical anatomy and, in the case of ophthalmologic surgery, also... (Review)
Review
Development of modern surgical techniques is associated with the need for a thorough knowledge of surgical anatomy and, in the case of ophthalmologic surgery, also functional aspects of extraocular muscles. Thus, the leading idea of this review was to summarize the most recent findings regarding the normal anatomy and anomalies of the extraocular rectus muscles (ERMs). Particular attention was paid to the presentation of detailed and structured data on the gross anatomy of the ERMs, including their attachments, anatomical relationships, vascularization, and innervation. This issue of ERMs innervation was presented in detail, considering the research that has recently been carried out on human material using advanced anatomical techniques such as Sihler's technique of the nerves staining. The text was supplemented with a carefully selected graphic material (including anatomical specimens prepared specially for the purpose of this review) and discussion of the clinical cases and practical significance of the presented issues.
Topics: Anatomy; Coloring Agents; Eye; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Oculomotor Nerve; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 31976329
DOI: 10.1155/2019/8909162 -
Lancet (London, England) Apr 2019Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) contributed to the study of the nervous system. His earliest surviving anatomical drawings (circa 1485-93) included studies of the skull,... (Review)
Review
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) contributed to the study of the nervous system. His earliest surviving anatomical drawings (circa 1485-93) included studies of the skull, brain, and cerebral ventricles. These works reflected his efforts to understand medieval psychology, including the localisation of sensory and motor functions to the brain. He was also the first to pith a frog, concluding that piercing the spinal medulla causes immediate death. After a 10-year interval in the early 1500s Leonardo resumed his anatomical studies and developed a method to inject hot wax into the ventricular system, creating a cast that showed the shape and extent of the ventricles. During this period he also progressed in his understanding of the anatomy of the cranial nerves. Besides being the first to identify the olfactory nerve as a cranial nerve, his dissections showed him that contrary to previous theories, the nerves do not converge on the lateral or third ventricles. Leonardo also performed detailed studies of the peripheral nervous system. Although his discoveries had little influence on the development of the field of anatomy, they represent an astonishingly sharp break from the field that had seen little if any progress in the previous 13 centuries. His work reflects the emergence of the modern scientific era and forms a key part of his integrative approach to art and science.
Topics: Anatomy; Brain; Famous Persons; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; Medical Illustration
PubMed: 30967217
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30302-2 -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Jul 2018William Hunter along with his brother, John, and their colleagues William Hewson, William Cruikshank and John Sheldon made a large contribution to understanding of...
William Hunter along with his brother, John, and their colleagues William Hewson, William Cruikshank and John Sheldon made a large contribution to understanding of lymphatic vessels. Hewson, Cruikshank and Sheldon all carried out mercury injections and made much progress in mapping the distribution of lymphatics in the human body. William Hunter appreciated that lymphatics absorbed fluid from the tissues of the body and that lacteals of the intestine and lymphatics are similar structures. John Hunter carried out an elegant series of experiments that proved that lacteals absorb products of digestion. The Hunters, however, were wrong in dismissing absorption by blood vessels and missed the importance of blood capillaries. William Hewson showed that lymphatics were not confined to mammals but that they are present in reptiles, birds and fish. Hewson also demonstrated that tracheobronchial glands are lymph nodes and not mucus-secreting glands as previously thought. Although William Hunter appreciated that tuberculosis and venereal diseases might involve the regional lymph nodes, he does not seem to have fully grasped that malignant disease might involve the local nodes or the concept that knowledge of lymph drainage could be used to define the likely site of a primary malignancy.
Topics: Anatomy; Animals; History, 18th Century; Humans; Lymphatic System; Lymphatic Vessels; Museums; Scotland
PubMed: 29621566
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.002 -
Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2018Paleoneurology deals with the study of brain anatomy in fossil species, as inferred from the morphology of their endocranial features. When compared with other living... (Review)
Review
Paleoneurology deals with the study of brain anatomy in fossil species, as inferred from the morphology of their endocranial features. When compared with other living and extinct hominids, Homo sapiens is characterized by larger parietal bones and, according to the paleoneurological evidence, also by larger parietal lobes. The dorsal elements of the posterior parietal cortex (superior parietal lobules, precuneus, and intraparietal sulcus) may be involved in these morphological changes. This parietal expansion was also associated with an increase in the corresponding vascular networks, and possibly with increased heat loads. Only H. sapiens has a specific early ontogenetic stage in which brain form achieves such globular appearance. In adult modern humans, the precuneus displays remarkable variation, being largely responsible for the longitudinal parietal size. The precuneus is also much more expanded in modern humans than in chimpanzees. Parietal expansion is not influenced by brain size in fossil hominids or living primates. Therefore, our larger parietal cortex must be interpreted as a derived feature. Spatial models suggest that the dorsal and anterior areas of the precuneus might be involved in these derived morphological variations. These areas are crucial for visuospatial integration, and are sensitive to both genetic and environmental influences. This article reviews almost 20 years of my collaborations on human parietal lobe evolution, integrating functional craniology, paleoneurology, and evolutionary neuroanatomy.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Humans; Neuroanatomy; Paleontology; Parietal Lobe
PubMed: 30099459
DOI: 10.1159/000488889