-
Development (Cambridge, England) Feb 2021The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy is well...
The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy is well described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individual muscles reach their mature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally. We provide a new, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limb muscles between Carnegie stages 18 and 22 using optical projection tomography. We show that muscles develop in a progressive wave, from proximal to distal and from superficial to deep. We show that some muscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, whereas others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show that palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, crucial events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Embryonic Development; Forelimb; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Muscle, Skeletal; Protein Transport; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 33234713
DOI: 10.1242/dev.194746 -
The British Journal of Oral &... Sep 2022Anatomy is a pillar of medical knowledge and essential for safe medical and surgical practice. The literature highlights concerns regarding anatomy knowledge, and...
Anatomy is a pillar of medical knowledge and essential for safe medical and surgical practice. The literature highlights concerns regarding anatomy knowledge, and knowledge of the head and neck in particular, in medical students and newly qualified doctors. We investigated medical students' confidence to be assessed on head and neck anatomy, the amount of teaching they received, and its mode of delivery, through an online survey completed by 185 medical students across two English Universities (122 (66%) students from University A and 63 (34%) from University B). Students were in their third to fifth year of medical school. A total of 126 (68%) had received two to four sessions on head and neck anatomy, and 56 (30%) had received one or two sessions. A total of 113 (61%) had received prosection teaching, and 44 (24%) had received computer/virtual anatomy teaching. In total, 140 (76%) did not feel confident to be assessed on head and neck anatomy, and 137 (74%) did not feel they had received an adequate amount of head and neck anatomy teaching. Despite formal head and neck anatomy teaching most of our cohort did not feel confident to be assessed on the topic. Further work is required to integrate anatomy into the clinical years and to devise a national undergraduate curriculum to enhance an interest in head and surgery as a career.
Topics: Anatomy; Curriculum; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Head; Humans; Neck; Students, Medical; Teaching
PubMed: 35400553
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2022.01.015 -
World Neurosurgery Apr 2017The purpose of this historic review is to summarize the life, work, and contribution to anatomy of Charles Estienne (also known by the Latin name Carolus Stephanus).... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this historic review is to summarize the life, work, and contribution to anatomy of Charles Estienne (also known by the Latin name Carolus Stephanus). Charles Estienne was an early exponent of the science of anatomy in France. Although he remained under the influence of the Galenic tradition of medicine, anatomy, and surgery throughout his distinguished career, he had a significant influence on the scientific revolution and anatomy reformation of the 16th century. Nevertheless, he cannot be placed at the same level of contribution as Vesalius, because of his lack of discipline in his work, hesitation to diverge totally from traditional beliefs, and his hesitation for a total criticism of the Galenic tradition.
Topics: Anatomy, Artistic; France; History, 16th Century; Humans; Medical Illustration; Neuroanatomy; Neurology; Spinal Canal; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 28065877
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.126 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep 2022We present a detailed anatomy of the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and hindlimbs of adult and juvenile specimens of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775). We compared the...
We present a detailed anatomy of the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and hindlimbs of adult and juvenile specimens of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775). We compared the individual bones of the appendicular skeleton of P. apodus with those of Anguis fragilis and species of Ophisaurus living in North America, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. We found no anatomical features in P. apodus in common with the species of Ophisaurus living in only North America, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. Additionally, we present the prehatching ontogeny of the pelvic girdle of P. apodus and A. fragilis and the prehatching ontogeny of the hindlimb of P. apodus. In the ontogeny of the pelvic girdle of P. apodus, it is possible to distinguish the ossification centers of ilium, ischium, and pubis. In contrast, in the ontogeny of A. fragilis, no ossification centers of ilium, ischium, and pubis are present, and no hindlimb element was detected. In Stage 1 of ontogeny in Pseudopus, the femur and tibia are present; in Stage 2, the nodule representing the fibula appears; and in Stage 3, in addition to the femur, tibia, and fibula, four tarsal elements are present. This anatomical condition corresponds to the anatomical composition of the hindlimb of the adult O. koellikeri. In Stage 4, the involution of all tarsal elements and fibula begins, and in the last two prehatching stages, only femur and tibia remain; this condition is present not only in the adults of Pseudopus, but also in those of several other species of Ophisaurus.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Hindlimb; Ischium; Lizards; Lower Extremity
PubMed: 34881500
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24851 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Oct 2019The term "azygos vein" is in common use in modern anatomical and cardiovascular textbooks to describe the vein which ascends to the right side of the vertebral column in... (Review)
Review
The term "azygos vein" is in common use in modern anatomical and cardiovascular textbooks to describe the vein which ascends to the right side of the vertebral column in the region of the posterior mediastinum draining into the superior vena cava. "Azygos" in Greek means "without a pair", explaining the lack of a similar vein on the left side of the vertebral column in the region of the thorax. The term "azygos" vein was utilized firstly by Galen and then was regenerated during Sylvius' dissections and Vesalius' anatomical research, where it received its final concept as an official anatomical term. The purpose of this study is to highlight the origin of the term "azygos vein" to the best of our knowledge for the first time and its evolution from the era of Hippocrates to Realdo Colombo.
Topics: Anatomy; Azygos Vein; Cadaver; Dissection; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Terminology as Topic; Textbooks as Topic
PubMed: 31028449
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-019-02238-3 -
ANZ Journal of Surgery Nov 2014Variations of the sciatic nerve anatomy and blood supply are complex and largely not dealt with in common anatomy texts. Variations of the sciatic nerve anatomy can be... (Review)
Review
Variations of the sciatic nerve anatomy and blood supply are complex and largely not dealt with in common anatomy texts. Variations of the sciatic nerve anatomy can be divided into the height of division of its branches, relation of the branches to the piriformis muscle, and its blood supply. These variations should be well known to any surgeon operating in this anatomical region. It is unknown whether these variations increase the risk of surgical injury and consequent morbidity. This paper will review the current knowledge regarding anatomical variations of the sciatic nerve and its blood supply.
Topics: Anatomy, Regional; Buttocks; Humans; Sciatic Nerve
PubMed: 24842563
DOI: 10.1111/ans.12675 -
Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical... May 2018Anatomical nomenclature is the main tool of communication in morphology, anatomy and other medical disciplines as well as in medical education, and thus needs to be... (Review)
Review
Anatomical nomenclature is the main tool of communication in morphology, anatomy and other medical disciplines as well as in medical education, and thus needs to be exact, flawless, elaborate and correct. The Terminologia Anatomica (TA) is a thorough and extensive list of anatomical terms and their definitions, and the current standard for human anatomical terminology. Although several revisions to the TA have been made in the last 20 years, some important anatomical structures are still not included. This article is aimed at correcting and extending the anatomical nomenclature described in the TA. We gathered and presented a list of anatomical terms, with their definitions and explanations, to provoke a discussion about correcting and extending the TA. Our list comprises of 96 terms related to the locomotor system of the human body, i.e., the bones, joints, muscles and related structures.
Topics: Anatomy; Bone and Bones; Humans; Joints; Movement; Muscles; Spine; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 29144891
DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.2276 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2016
Topics: Anatomy; Denmark; Heart; History, 17th Century; Humans
PubMed: 26919581
DOI: 10.1002/ca.22704 -
Journal of Comparative Pathology Nov 2015There are many significant differences in the structural and functional anatomy of the nasal cavity of man and laboratory animals. Some of the differences may be... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
A Review of the Comparative Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Pathology of the Nasal Cavity of Rats, Mice, Dogs and Non-human Primates. Relevance to Inhalation Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment.
There are many significant differences in the structural and functional anatomy of the nasal cavity of man and laboratory animals. Some of the differences may be responsible for the species-specific nasal lesions that are often observed in response to inhaled toxicants. This paper reviews the comparative anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nasal cavity of the rat, mouse, dog, monkey and man, highlighting factors that may influence the distribution of nasal lesions. Gross anatomical variations such as turbinate structure, folds or grooves on nasal walls, or presence or absence of accessory structures, may influence nasal airflow and species-specific uptake and deposition of inhaled material. In addition, interspecies variations in the morphological and biochemical composition and distribution of the nasal epithelium may affect the local tissue susceptibility and play a role in the development of species-specific nasal lesions. It is concluded that, while the nasal cavity of the monkey might be more similar to that of man, each laboratory animal species provides a model that responds in a characteristic and species-specific manner. Therefore for human risk assessment, careful consideration must be given to the anatomical differences between a given animal model and man.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Dogs; Haplorhini; Humans; Mice; Nasal Cavity; Rats; Species Specificity
PubMed: 26460093
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.009 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Oct 2018The aim of the study was to describe the origin of the Latin anatomical term vasa vasorum and its role in current medical research and to present examples of grammatical... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The aim of the study was to describe the origin of the Latin anatomical term vasa vasorum and its role in current medical research and to present examples of grammatical errors in its use.
METHODS
Literary searches oriented on the term vasa vasorum were used to identify publications using it in the medical literature from the seventeenth century up to the present.
RESULTS
The Latin term vasa vasorum was introduced by Ludwig in 1739. The vasa vasorum became an important topic in clinical research around the middle of the twentieth century, with implications in angiology, cardiology and cardiosurgery. We report 18 grammatical errors concerning the use of the term vasa vasorum, starting from the year 1959. A similar decline in the correct use of Latin terminology is also evident in other medical research disciplines.
CONCLUSIONS
The numerous errors found in the use of Latin terminology in recent medical literature have occurred as a consequence of decreased use of Latin in the medical community. The only way to improve this situation is by improving awareness of international standard anatomical terminology, which is available worldwide in both Latin and English.
Topics: Anatomy; Animals; History, 18th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Terminology as Topic; Vasa Vasorum
PubMed: 30022222
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2068-3