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The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Aug 2022
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Anisakiasis; Child; Diarrhea; Eosinophilia; Humans
PubMed: 35476674
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003567 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022: spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at...
: spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at the gastric, intestinal, or ectopic levels. Despite its relevance in public health, studies on pathogenetic mechanisms and parasite-human interplay are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the human inflammatory response to different vehicles of pathogenicity. : Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were exposed to L3 (the initial contact with the host), extracellular vesicles (EVs, -host communication), and crude extract (CE, the larval dying). The protein quantity and gene expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) were investigated using an ELISA test (6 h and 24 h) and a qReal-Time PCR (1 h, 6 h, and 24 h), respectively. : The L3 and EVs induced a downregulation in both the and gene expression and protein quantity. On the contrary, the CE stimulated IL-6 gene expression and its protein release, not affecting IL-8. : The Caco-2 cells seemed to not react to the exposure to the L3 and EVs, suggesting a parasite's immunomodulating action to remain alive in an inhospitable niche. Conversely, the dying larva (CE) could induce strong activation of the immune strategy of the host that, in vivo, would lead to parasite expulsion, eosinophilia, and/or granuloma formation.
PubMed: 36297271
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101214 -
International Journal of Food... Apr 2021Anisakid nematode larvae (NL) in fish products comprise a risk to human health and, if visible, lead to the rejection of these products by consumers. Therefore, great... (Review)
Review
Anisakid nematode larvae (NL) in fish products comprise a risk to human health and, if visible, lead to the rejection of these products by consumers. Therefore, great efforts are being made for the identification of these anisakid larvae to estimate the potential consumer health risk as well as to develop effective detection methods in order to prevent the introduction of heavily infected fish products into the market. The tasks of national reference laboratories include the improvement of detection methods and to promote their further development. As a prerequisite for improved detection, it is important to understand the structural properties of anisakid NL and compounds produced during host-parasite interactions. This review provides an overview of the intrinsic properties of anisakid NL and reports the latest detection methods in published literature. First, in order to define the potentially interesting intrinsic properties of anisakid nematodes for their detection, anatomy and compounds involved in host-parasite interactions are summarised. These can be used for various detection approaches, such as in the medical field or for allergen detection in fish products. In addition, fluorescence characteristics and their use as both established and promising candidates for detection methods, especially in the field of optical sensing technologies, are presented. Finally, different detection and identification methods applied by the fish processing industries and by control laboratories are listed. The review intends to highlight trends and provide suggestions for the development of improved detection and identification methods of anisakid NL in fish products.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fish Products; Fluorescence; Food Microbiology; Food-Processing Industry; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Larva
PubMed: 33621832
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109094 -
International Journal of Food... Jul 2020The consumption of raw fish parasitized with larval ascaridoid nematodes of the family Anisakidae can cause anisakiasis, provoking gastrointestinal and/or allergic...
Anisakis and Hysterothylacium species in Mediterranean and North-East Atlantic fishes commonly consumed in Spain: Epidemiological, molecular and morphometric discriminant analysis.
The consumption of raw fish parasitized with larval ascaridoid nematodes of the family Anisakidae can cause anisakiasis, provoking gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptomatology. The main causative agents in the Anisakis genus are the sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and A. pegreffii of the A. simplex sensu lato (s.l.) complex. Larvae of A. simplex (s.l.) are frequently detected in fish commonly consumed in Spain, as are larvae of the genus Hysterothylacium of the family Raphidascarididae, associated with allergic reactions but not considered pathogenic. Reported here are the results of an epidemiological survey of ascaridoid larvae in three commonly consumed fish species in Spain, horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) (n = 52), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) (n = 93) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) (n = 69), caught in the North-Eastern Atlantic, West Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea. The larvae found in the dissected fish were identified in the following order of abundance: A. simplex (s.l.) (n = 2003), Hysterothylacium aduncum (n = 422), H. fabri (n = 180) and A. physeteris (n = 15). Binomial regression analysis showed a correlation between A. simplex (s.l.) and Hysterothylacium larvae abundance and the host geographical location, the North-Eastern Atlantic being the area with the highest parasitation. Fish length and weight and Fulton's condition factor were correlated with A. simplex (s.l.) abundance only in horse mackerel. There was a significant presence of A. simplex (s.l.) and H. aduncum larvae in the musculature of North-Eastern Atlantic blue whiting, the most parasitized part being the anteroventral region, followed equally by the anterodorsal and central sections. The ITS rDNA of larvae of the sibling species A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii was identified by PCR-RFLP, and a binary logistic regression model was developed to study their morphometric differentiation. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) was detected in the North-Eastern Atlantic and A. pegreffii in all the areas studied. The morphometric analysis discriminated between the two species at the third and fourth larval stages (L3 and L4), the latter obtained by in vitro culture in RPMI-1640 medium. Two discriminant functions were obtained for the L3 and L4 larvae, the ventricle being a key parameter for specific differentiation in both stages, providing taxonomical criteria that could be used besides molecular identification. The present study reveals differences in the parasitation of the studied fish, including the distribution of larvae in the musculature, related to the host species and its geographical origin.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Ascaridoidea; DNA, Ribosomal; Discriminant Analysis; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Gadiformes; Larva; Molecular Epidemiology; Perciformes; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Raw Foods; Seafood; Spain
PubMed: 32361053
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108642 -
Journal of Helminthology Sep 2015Anisakidosis is a human parasitic disease caused by infections with members of the Anisakidae family. Accidental infection after fish intake affects the gastrointestinal...
Anisakidosis is a human parasitic disease caused by infections with members of the Anisakidae family. Accidental infection after fish intake affects the gastrointestinal tract as a consequence of mechanical damage caused by migrating larvae. Infections can also trigger allergies, hives, severe asthma or anaphylaxis with angioedema. Although mouse models of intraperitoneal antigenic stimulation exist, enabling immunological studies, few models using gastric introduction of live larvae are available for the study of immunological and gastrointestinal damage in mice. This study was designed to characterize serum reactivity against Anisakis spp. and Contracaecum spp. in Balb/c mice following orogastric inoculation and to assess gastrointestinal damage. These anisakid species were classified at the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) School of Veterinary Medicine and materials for live larval inoculation were developed at the UFF Immunobiology laboratory. Live larvae were inoculated following injection with a NaCl solution. Blood samples were collected and sera screened for immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG anti-larva responses to both nematodes, specific for somatic and excretory/secretory antigens, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The means of the optical densities were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc test and the general linear model. This analysis identified the presence of anti-IgG seroreactivity to both somatic and excretory/secretory Anisakis antigens in inoculated animals compared with controls (P< 0.001), and no gastric or intestinal damage was observed. These experiments demonstrated that introduction of live Contracaecum spp. into the gastrointestinal tract did not elicit serum sensitization in animals.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Antibodies, Helminth; Disease Models, Animal; Eels; Female; Humans; Larva; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 24780178
DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X14000340 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Apr 2022To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in freshwater fish and marine fish from markets in Zhenjiang City, so as to provide the evidene for formulating...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in freshwater fish and marine fish from markets in Zhenjiang City, so as to provide the evidene for formulating targeted control measures.
METHODS
Freshwater fish and marine fish were collected from farmers' markets and supermarkets in Zhenjiang City using a random sampling method. The metacercaria and larvae of parasites were detected using microscopy and the direct dissection method. The prevalence of parasitic infections was analyzed in freshwater fish and marine fish.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of parasite infections was 11.21% (208/1 856) in the 1 856 fish (34 species) detected from 2017 to 2020, and the prevalence was 9.81% (117/1 193) in freshwater fish and 13.73% (91/663) in marine fish. Among the 1 193 freshwater fish (23 species), high prevalence of parasitic infections was detected in (43.33%), coarse fish (32.93%) and (20.20%), and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of parasitic infections among different species of freshwater fish (χ = 105.66, < 0.05). and other parasite species were detected in freshwater fish, with detection rates of 0.59% (7/1 193), 1.93% (23/1 193) and 7.29% (87/1 193), respectively, and there was a significant difference in the detection of and in freshwater fish (χ = 8.64, < 0.05). The prevalence and intensity of larval infections were 13.73% (91/663) in marine fish and 3.43 parasites per fish. High prevalence of infections was seen in little yellow croaker fish (30.28%) and hairtail (27.50%), and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of parasitic infections in different species of marine fish (χ = 12.93, < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Parasitic infections are prevalent in freshwater fish and marine fish from markets of Zhenjiang City, and there is a risk of parasitic infections following consumption of raw or under-cooked freshwater fish and marine fish.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Prevalence; Parasitic Diseases; Fishes; Fresh Water; Larva
PubMed: 36464250
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2021178 -
Surgical Case Reports Oct 2020Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Anisakis worms found in raw fish. Most cases of anisakiasis occur in the stomach and rarely occur in the intestine. It is...
BACKGROUND
Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Anisakis worms found in raw fish. Most cases of anisakiasis occur in the stomach and rarely occur in the intestine. It is extremely rare for live larvae to break through the intestine into the mesentery and cause severe intestinal ischemia. Anisakiasis can be treated conservatively, because the larvae will die in approximately 1 week, but, sometimes, a serious condition can arise, as in this case. We report the first case of extraluminal anisakiasis in which a live Anisakis worm caused severe intestinal ischemia.
CASE PRESENTATION
The patient was a 26-year-old woman who ate squid a week prior. She had abdominal pain and was admitted to our emergency department. On physical examination, abdominal guarding and rebound tenderness were present in her lower abdomen. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed ascites, the whirl sign, localized submucosal edema of the intestinal wall, and a dilated small bowel segment with edema. We suspected the strangulated small bowel obstruction based on the CT-scan findings. To rule out the strangulated small bowel obstruction, laparoscopic exploration was performed. Bloody ascites in the pouch of Douglas and severe inflammation in 20 cm of the ileum were observed. An Anisakis larva had perforated the intestinal wall and was found alive in the mesentery. The ileum had developed a high degree of ischemia, so the affected section was resected. Histopathological examination revealed that the Anisakis worm body was in the inflamed mesentery and caused a high degree of ischemia in the intestinal tract. The patient was discharged 9 days after surgery.
CONCLUSIONS
A living Anisakis larva punctured the mesentery of the small intestine, resulting in severe intestinal ischemia. As seen in this case, intestinal anisakiasis may cause serious symptoms, and a low threshold for performing diagnostic laparoscopy for the early diagnosis of bowel ischemia secondary to anisakiasis can be useful in determining the definite diagnosis and indications for resection.
PubMed: 33001287
DOI: 10.1186/s40792-020-01033-2 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Jun 2018Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or... (Review)
Review
Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or mini-reviews of particular diseases in particular countries, an overview of fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers have never been performed. In this review, we gathered fishborne nematodiasis among travelers for recent 25 years by an extensive global literature survey using appropriate keywords, e.g. travelers diseases, human infection, anisakiasis, gnathostomiasis, capillariasis, sushi, sashimi, ceviche, Gnathostoma, Pseudoterranova, Anisakis, Capillaria, etc., as well as various combinations of these key words. The Internet search engines PubMed, Medline, Google and Googler Scholar were used as much as possible, and the references of every paper were checked in order to identify useful and reliable publications. The results showed unexpectedly high incidence of gnathostomiasis and low incidence of anisakidosis. The different incidence values of the infection with several fish-borne zoonotic nematode species are discussed, as well as some epidemiological aspects of the infections. The difficulties of differential diagnosis in non-endemic countries are emphasized. It is concluded that travelers must avoid risky behaviors which can lead to infection and that physicians and health authorities must advice travelers on the risks of eating behaviors during travel.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Fishes; Gnathostomiasis; Humans; Incidence; Nematode Infections; Time Factors; Travel-Related Illness; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29996625
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.215 -
Fujita Medical Journal May 2023Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish that is infected with third-stage larvae. In countries, such as Japan, Italy,...
BACKGROUND
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish that is infected with third-stage larvae. In countries, such as Japan, Italy, and Spain, where people have a custom of eating raw or marinated fish, anisakiasis is a common infection. Although anisakiasis has been reported in the gastrointestinal tract in several countries, reports of anisakiasis accompanied by cancer are rare.
CASE PRESENTATION
We present the rare case of a 40-year-old male patient with anisakiasis coexisting with mucosal gastric cancer. Submucosal gastric cancer was suspected on gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography. After laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, granulomatous inflammation with larvae in the submucosa was pathologically revealed beneath mucosal tubular adenocarcinoma. Histological and immunohistochemical investigation showed cancer cells as intestinal absorptive-type cells that did not produce mucin.
CONCLUSION
larvae could have invaded the cancer cells selectively because of the lack of mucin in the cancerous epithelium. Anisakiasis coexisting with cancer is considered reasonable rather than coincidental. In cancer with anisakiasis, preoperative diagnosis may be difficult because anisakiasis leads to morphological changes in the cancer.
PubMed: 37234391
DOI: 10.20407/fmj.2022-010 -
Anisakis spp. as etiological agent of zoonotic disease and allergy in European region – an overview.Annals of Parasitology 2019Nematodes of the genus Anisakis are worldwide distributed marine species parasitized many fish and cephalopod species as larvae and sea mammals as adult form.... (Review)
Review
Nematodes of the genus Anisakis are worldwide distributed marine species parasitized many fish and cephalopod species as larvae and sea mammals as adult form. Anisakiosis as food-borne disease is an important public health problem worldwide. Human become infected by eating raw or undercooked fish or squids. Well documented are gastrointestinal response to infection but increasingly allergic symptoms were observed also after eating well cooked fish. This is because some of allergens of Anisakis are thermostable and resistant to pepsin treatment. Due to a significant increase in human mobility and global transport of fresh products like fish on ice, food-borne diseases require educational campaigns that pay attention to threats in various parts of the world.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Europe; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Larva; Seafood; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32191412
DOI: 10.17420/ap6504.214