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Free Radical Biology & Medicine Mar 2019As the interface between the fetal and maternal circulation, the placenta facilitates both nutrient and waste exchange for the developing fetus. Iron is essential for... (Review)
Review
As the interface between the fetal and maternal circulation, the placenta facilitates both nutrient and waste exchange for the developing fetus. Iron is essential for healthy pregnancy, and transport of iron across the placenta is required for fetal growth and development. Perturbation of this transfer can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Despite its importance, our understanding of how a large amount of iron is transported across placental membranes, how this process is regulated, and which iron transporter proteins function in different placental cells remains rudimentary. Mechanistic studies in mouse models, including placenta-specific deletion or overexpression of iron-related proteins will be essential to make progress. This review summarizes our current understanding about iron transport across the syncytiotrophoblast under physiological conditions and identifies areas for further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Female; Fetal Development; Fetus; Humans; Ion Transport; Iron; Mice; Placenta; Placentation; Pregnancy
PubMed: 29981833
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.001 -
The New Phytologist Apr 2018Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The Ca decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca signal decoding 417 V.... (Review)
Review
Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The Ca decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca signal decoding 417 V. Immediate Ca signaling in the regulation of ion transport 418 VI. Ca signal integration into long-term ABA responses 419 VII Integration of Ca and hormone signaling through dynamic complex modulation of the CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex 420 VIII Ca signaling in mitochondria and chloroplasts 422 IX A view beyond recent advances in Ca imaging 423 X Modeling approaches in Ca signaling 424 XI Conclusions: Ca signaling a still young blooming field of plant research 424 Acknowledgements 425 ORCID 425 References 425 SUMMARY: Temporally and spatially defined changes in Ca concentration in distinct compartments of cells represent a universal information code in plants. Recently, it has become evident that Ca signals not only govern intracellular regulation but also appear to contribute to long distance or even organismic signal propagation and physiological response regulation. Ca signals are shaped by an intimate interplay of channels and transporters, and during past years important contributing individual components have been identified and characterized. Ca signals are translated by an elaborate toolkit of Ca -binding proteins, many of which function as Ca sensors, into defined downstream responses. Intriguing progress has been achieved in identifying specific modules that interconnect Ca decoding proteins and protein kinases with downstream target effectors, and in characterizing molecular details of these processes. In this review, we reflect on recent major advances in our understanding of Ca signaling and cover emerging concepts and existing open questions that should be informative also for scientists that are currently entering this field of ever-increasing breath and impact.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Ion Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants
PubMed: 29332310
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14966 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Oct 2022Highly efficient biological ion channels with sophisticated transport characteristics in living organisms have inspired the design of artificial channels that are... (Review)
Review
Highly efficient biological ion channels with sophisticated transport characteristics in living organisms have inspired the design of artificial channels that are functionally comparable to those of their natural counterparts and applicable on a much larger scale. Self-assembly currently offers a facile approach for producing nanoconfined ion channels that exhibit smart ion-transport properties, including ion selectivity, gating, and rectification, and have shown great potential for various applications. In this Minireview, we give an overview of strategies for engineering bio-inspired self-assembled ion channels. We focus on emerging channel assemblies based on different fabrication processes such as supramolecular assembly, nanosystem-based fabrication, and polymer-based integration. The applications of these bio-inspired channels in the exploration of physiological events, detection of molecules/ions, ion separation, and energy conversion are concisely presented. Finally, future developments and challenges of this booming research field are proposed.
Topics: Ion Channels; Ion Transport; Ions; Nanostructures; Polymers
PubMed: 35849115
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207369 -
Current Opinion in Insect Science Oct 2021
Topics: Animals; Ion Transport
PubMed: 34598751
DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.09.002 -
Journal of Plant Physiology Nov 2023The endodermis and exodermis are widely recognized as two important barriers in plant roots that play a role in regulating the movement of water and ions. While the... (Review)
Review
The endodermis and exodermis are widely recognized as two important barriers in plant roots that play a role in regulating the movement of water and ions. While the endodermis is present in nearly all plant roots, the exodermis, characterized by Casparian strips and suberin lamellae is absent in certain plant species. The exodermis can be classified into three types: uniform, dimorphic, and inducible exodermis. Apart from its role in water and ion transport, the exodermis acts as a protective barrier against harmful substances present in the external environment. Furthermore, the exodermis is a complex barrier influenced by various environmental factors, and its resistance to water and ions varies depending on the type of exodermis and the maturity of the root. Therefore, investigations concerning the exodermis necessitate a plant-specific approach. However, our current understanding of the exodermal physiological functions and molecular mechanisms governing its development is limited due to the absence of an exodermis in the model plant Arabidopsis. Due to that, unfortunately, the exodermis has been largely overlooked until now. In this review, we aim to summarize the current fundamental knowledge regarding the exodermis in common research used crop species and propose suggestions for future research endeavors.
Topics: Plant Roots; Ion Transport; Arabidopsis; Water; Cell Wall
PubMed: 37871477
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154118 -
Neuropharmacology Dec 2019CNS cell membranes possess four transporters capable of exchanging Lglutamine (Gln) for other amino acids: the large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transporters LAT1 and... (Review)
Review
CNS cell membranes possess four transporters capable of exchanging Lglutamine (Gln) for other amino acids: the large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transporters LAT1 and LAT2, the hybrid basic amino acid (L-arginine (Arg), L-leucine (Leu)/LNAA transporter yLAT2, and the L-alanine/L-serine/L-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2). LAT1/LAT2 and yLAT2 are present in astrocytes, neurons and the blood brain barrier (BBB) - forming cerebral vascular endothelial cells (CVEC), while the location of ASCT2 in the individual cell types is a matter of debate. In the healthy brain, contribution of the exchangers to Gln shuttling from astrocytes to neurons and thus their role in controlling the conversion of Gln to the amino acid neurotransmitters l-glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gln flux across the BBB appears negligible as compared to the system A and system N uniporters. Insofar, except for the contribution of LAT1 to the maintenance of Gln homeostasis in the interstitial fluid (ISF), no well-defined CNS-specific function has been established for either of the three transporters in the healthy brain. The Gln-accepting amino acid exchangers appear to gain significance under conditions of excessive brain Gln load (glutaminosis). Excess Gln efflux across the BBB enhances influx into the brain of L-tryptophan (Trp). Excess of Trp is responsible for overloading the brain with neuroactive compounds: serotonin, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid and/or oxindole, which contribute to neurotransmission imbalance accompanying hyperammonemia. In turn, alterations of yLAT2-mediated Gln/Arg exchange and Arg uptake in astrocyte, modulate astrocytic nitric oxide synthesis and oxidative/nitrosative stress in ammonia-overexposed brain. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Blood-Brain Barrier; Cell Membrane; Central Nervous System; Glutamine; Humans; Ion Transport; Neurons
PubMed: 30853601
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.003 -
Journal of the American Society of... May 2018
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Chlorides; Ion Transport; Malpighian Tubules; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29650535
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2018030318 -
Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and... 2023Maintenance of the main Golgi functions, glycosylation and sorting, is dependent on the unique Golgi pH microenvironment that is thought to be set by the balance between... (Review)
Review
Maintenance of the main Golgi functions, glycosylation and sorting, is dependent on the unique Golgi pH microenvironment that is thought to be set by the balance between the rates of V-ATPase-mediated proton pumping and its leakage back to the cytoplasm via an unknown pathway. The concentration of other ions, such as chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese, is also important for Golgi homeostasis and dependent on the transport activity of other ion transporters present in the Golgi membranes. During the last decade, several new disorders have been identified that are caused by, or are associated with, dysregulated Golgi pH and ion homeostasis. Here, we will provide an updated overview on these disorders and the proteins involved. We will also discuss other disorders for which the molecular defects remain currently uncertain but which potentially involve proteins that regulate Golgi pH or ion homeostasis.
Topics: Humans; Homeostasis; Ion Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Protein Transport; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 32870398
DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_49 -
Glia Mar 2020Glial ion transporters are important in regulation of ionic homeostasis, cell volume, and cellular signal transduction under physiological conditions of the central... (Review)
Review
Glial ion transporters are important in regulation of ionic homeostasis, cell volume, and cellular signal transduction under physiological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to acute or chronic brain injuries, these ion transporters can be activated and differentially regulate glial functions, which has subsequent impact on brain injury or tissue repair and functional recovery. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about major glial ion transporters, including Na /H exchangers (NHE), Na /Ca exchangers (NCX), Na -K -Cl cotransporters (NKCC), and Na -HCO cotransporters (NBC). In acute neurological diseases, such as ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), these ion transporters are rapidly activated and play significant roles in regulation of the intra- and extracellular pH, Na , K , and Ca homeostasis, synaptic plasticity, and myelin formation. However, overstimulation of these ion transporters can contribute to glial apoptosis, demyelination, inflammation, and excitotoxicity. In chronic brain diseases, such as glioma, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), glial ion transporters are involved in the glioma Warburg effect, glial activation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damages. These findings suggest that glial ion transporters are involved in tissue structural and functional restoration, or brain injury and neurological disease development and progression. A better understanding of these ion transporters in acute and chronic neurological diseases will provide insights for their potential as therapeutic targets.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Ion Transport; Neuroglia; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers
PubMed: 31418931
DOI: 10.1002/glia.23699 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Dec 2021The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) is the Ca2+ entry mechanism used by cells to replenish depleted Ca2+ store. The dysregulation of SOCE has been reported in... (Review)
Review
The store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) is the Ca2+ entry mechanism used by cells to replenish depleted Ca2+ store. The dysregulation of SOCE has been reported in metastatic cancer. It is believed that SOCE promotes migration and invasion by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion dynamics. There is recent evidence supporting that SOCE is critical for the spatial and the temporal coding of Ca2+ signals in the cell. In this review, we critically examined the spatiotemporal control of SOCE signaling and its implication in the specificity and robustness of signaling events downstream of SOCE, with a focus on the spatiotemporal SOCE signaling during cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. We further discuss the limitation of our current understanding of SOCE in cancer metastasis and potential approaches to overcome such limitation.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Humans; Ion Transport; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34854917
DOI: 10.1042/BST20210307