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Vitamins and Hormones 2015Thyroid follicular epithelial cells produce thyroxine (T4) and its physiologically active derivative, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that regulate critical... (Review)
Review
Thyroid follicular epithelial cells produce thyroxine (T4) and its physiologically active derivative, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that regulate critical developmental and metabolic functions. In order for the thyroid to form hormone precursor, iodide, the defining element in thyroid hormone, must cross both blood-facing and luminal sides of the follicular epithelium. The pathway for uptake from blood is well understood, but the mechanism(s) that enable iodide to cross the luminally facing apical membrane remain obscure. This chapter considers the physiological properties of several molecularly characterized anion transport proteins, all of which potentially contribute to the overall mechanism of apical iodide efflux.
Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Iodides; Ion Transport; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 25817865
DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.015 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2016The ubiquitously expressed serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is tightly regulated by osmotic and hormonal signals, including glucocorticoids and... (Review)
Review
The ubiquitously expressed serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is tightly regulated by osmotic and hormonal signals, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Recently, SGK1 has been implicated as a signal hub for the regulation of sodium transport. SGK1 modulates the activities of multiple ion channels and carriers, such as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5), sodium hydrogen exchangers 1 and 3 (NHE1 and NHE3), sodium-chloride symporter (NCC), and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (NKCC2); as well as the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) and type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A). Accordingly, SGK1 is implicated in the physiology and pathophysiology of Na⁺ homeostasis. Here, we focus particularly on recent findings of SGK1's involvement in Na⁺ transport in renal sodium reabsorption, hormone-stimulated salt appetite and fluid balance and discuss the abnormal SGK1-mediated Na⁺ reabsorption in hypertension, heart disease, edema with diabetes, and embryo implantation failure.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immediate-Early Proteins; Ion Transport; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Sodium
PubMed: 27517916
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081307 -
Chemistry, An Asian Journal May 2022Biological nanochannels perfectly operate in organisms and exquisitely control mass transmembrane transport for complex life process. Inspired by biological... (Review)
Review
Biological nanochannels perfectly operate in organisms and exquisitely control mass transmembrane transport for complex life process. Inspired by biological nanochannels, plenty of intelligent artificial solid-state nanopores and nanochannels are constructed based on various materials and methods with the development of nanotechnology. Specially, the light-controlled nanopores/nanochannels have attracted much attention due to the unique advantages in terms of that ion and molecular transport can be regulated remotely, spatially and temporally. According to the structure and function of biological ion channels, light-controlled solid-state nanopores/nanochannels can be divided into light-regulated ion channels with ion gating and ion rectification functions, and light-driven ion pumps with active ion transport property. In this review, we present a systematic overview of light-controlled ion channels and ion pumps according to the photo-responsive components in the system. Then, the related applications of solid-state nanopores/nanochannels for molecular sensing, water purification and energy conversion are discussed. Finally, a brief conclusion and short outlook are offered for future development of the nanopore/nanochannel field.
Topics: Ion Channels; Ion Pumps; Ion Transport; Ions; Nanopores
PubMed: 35324076
DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200158 -
Glia Oct 2016Sodium dynamics are essential for regulating functional processes in glial cells. Indeed, glial Na(+) signaling influences and regulates important glial activities, and... (Review)
Review
Sodium dynamics are essential for regulating functional processes in glial cells. Indeed, glial Na(+) signaling influences and regulates important glial activities, and plays a role in neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions or in response to injury of the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging studies indicate that Na(+) pumps and Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes regulate Na(+) homeostasis and play a fundamental role in modulating glial activities in neurological diseases. In this review, we first briefly introduced the emerging roles of each glial cell type in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and myelin diseases. Then, we discussed the current knowledge on the main roles played by the different glial Na(+) -dependent ion transporters, including Na(+) /K(+) ATPase, Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchangers, Na(+) /H(+) exchangers, Na(+) -K(+) -Cl(-) cotransporters, and Na(+) - HCO3- cotransporter in the pathophysiology of the diverse CNS diseases. We highlighted their contributions in cell survival, synaptic pathology, gliotransmission, pH homeostasis, and their role in glial activation, migration, gliosis, inflammation, and tissue repair processes. Therefore, this review summarizes the foundation work for targeting Na(+) -dependent ion transporters in glia as a novel strategy to control important glial activities associated with Na(+) dynamics in different neurological disorders. GLIA 2016;64:1677-1697.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ion Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Nervous System Diseases; Neuroglia; Signal Transduction; Sodium
PubMed: 27458821
DOI: 10.1002/glia.23030 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Sep 2020The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased annually, and the pathogenesis of this disease requires further investigation. In normal colorectal tissues, ion... (Review)
Review
The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased annually, and the pathogenesis of this disease requires further investigation. In normal colorectal tissues, ion channels and transporters maintain the water-electrolyte balance and acid/base homeostasis. However, dysfunction of these ion channels and transporters leads to the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the progress in understanding the roles of ion channels and transporters in the colorectum and in colorectal cancer, including aquaporins (AQPs), Cl channels, Cl / exchangers, Na / transporters and Na /H exchangers. The goal of this review is to promote the identification of new targets for the treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer.
Topics: Animals; Colorectal Neoplasms; Humans; Ion Channels; Ion Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins
PubMed: 32662230
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15600 -
Annual Review of Plant Biology Apr 2017Salt stress reduces land and water productivity and contributes to poverty and food insecurity. Increased salinization caused by human practices and climate change is... (Review)
Review
Salt stress reduces land and water productivity and contributes to poverty and food insecurity. Increased salinization caused by human practices and climate change is progressively reducing agriculture productivity despite escalating calls for more food. Plant responses to salt stress are well understood, involving numerous critical processes that are each controlled by multiple genes. Knowledge of the critical mechanisms controlling salt uptake and exclusion from functioning tissues, signaling of salt stress, and the arsenal of protective metabolites is advancing. However, little progress has been made in developing salt-tolerant varieties of crop species using standard (but slow) breeding approaches. The genetic diversity available within cultivated crops and their wild relatives provides rich sources for trait and gene discovery that has yet to be sufficiently utilized. Transforming this knowledge into modern approaches using genomics and molecular tools for precision breeding will accelerate the development of tolerant cultivars and help sustain food production.
Topics: Breeding; Climate Change; Edible Grain; Genomics; Ion Transport; Phenotype; Salt Tolerance; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 28226230
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040936 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Oct 2017Renal tubular transport mechanisms are optimized to be energy efficient and tailored to local gradients and transport rates. The combined transcellular action of ion... (Review)
Review
Renal tubular transport mechanisms are optimized to be energy efficient and tailored to local gradients and transport rates. The combined transcellular action of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, together with the paracellular pathway, enables kidney function. Monogenetic diseases and mouse models indicate that both trans- and paracellular proteins can become disease-causing candidates and may be targets for future therapeutic approaches. Recent advances in tight junction research have provided new insights into their structure, function, and regulation. The thick ascending limb (TAL) is a nephron segment with specific requirements for the paracellular pathway. It has to fuel the generation of the corticomedullary concentration gradient, to be watertight, and to provide a highly selective permeability for Na and divalent cations. Tight junction composition and function in the TAL is organized along the corticomedullary axis. Even on the level of a seemingly homogeneous tubular epithelium like the TAL, there is a separation of tight junction protein expression in the strands between the respective tricellular nexus of the junctional network. Here, we highlight some new insights from our recent work and that of others in this context. In addition, we provide some perspectives for the further study of paracellular transport mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Epithelium; Humans; Ion Transport; Loop of Henle; Magnesium; Sodium; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 28628195
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13400 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Feb 2023The majority of cellular physiological processes depend on natural ion channels, which are pore-forming membrane-embedded proteins that let ions flow across the cell... (Review)
Review
The majority of cellular physiological processes depend on natural ion channels, which are pore-forming membrane-embedded proteins that let ions flow across the cell membranes selectively. This selective movement of ions across the membranes balances the osmolality within and outside the cell. However, mutations in the genes that encode essential membrane transport proteins or structural reorganisation of these proteins can cause life-threatening diseases like cystic fibrosis. Artificial ion transport systems have opened up a way to replace dysfunctional natural ion channels to cure such diseases through channel replacement therapy. Moreover, recent research has also demonstrated the ability of these systems to kill cancer cells, reigniting interest in the field among scientists. Our contributions to the recent progress in the design and development of artificial chloride ion transporters and their effect on biological systems have been discussed in this review. This review would provide current vistas and future directions toward the development of novel ion transporters with improved biocompatibility and desired anti-cancer properties. Additionally, it strongly emphasises stimuli-responsive ion transport systems, which are crucial for obtaining target-specificity and may speed up the application of these systems in clinical therapeutics.
Topics: Ion Channels; Ion Transport; Cell Membrane
PubMed: 36691926
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06761g -
Plant Physiology Dec 2021Recent research on the regulation of cellular phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in eukaryotes has collectively made substantial advances in elucidating inositol pyrophosphates... (Review)
Review
Recent research on the regulation of cellular phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in eukaryotes has collectively made substantial advances in elucidating inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsP) as Pi signaling molecules that are perceived by the SPX (Syg1, Pho81, and Xpr1) domains residing in multiple proteins involved in Pi transport and signaling. The PP-InsP-SPX signaling module is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes and has been elaborately adopted in plant Pi transport and signaling systems. In this review, we have integrated these advances with prior established knowledge of Pi and PP-InsP metabolism, intracellular Pi sensing, and transcriptional responses according to the dynamics of cellular Pi status in plants. Anticipated challenges and pending questions as well as prospects are also discussed.
Topics: Cell Communication; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Ion Transport; Phosphates; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35235674
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab343 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2023The solute carrier family 4 (SLC4) is an important protein responsible for the transport of various ions across the cell membrane and mediating diverse physiological... (Review)
Review
The solute carrier family 4 (SLC4) is an important protein responsible for the transport of various ions across the cell membrane and mediating diverse physiological functions, such as the ion transporting function, protein-to-protein interactions, and molecular transduction. The deficiencies in SLC4 molecules may cause multisystem disease involving, particularly, the respiratory system, digestive, urinary, endocrine, hematopoietic, and central nervous systems. Currently, there are no effective strategies to treat these diseases. SLC4 proteins are also found to contribute to tumorigenesis and development, and some of them are regarded as therapeutic targets in quite a few clinical trials. This indicates that SLC4 proteins have potential clinical prospects. In view of their functional characteristics, there is a critical need to review the specific functions of bicarbonate transporters, their related diseases, and the involved pathological mechanisms. We summarize the diseases caused by the mutations in family genes and briefly introduce the clinical manifestations of these diseases as well as the current treatment strategies. Additionally, we illustrate their roles in terms of the physiology and pathogenesis that has been currently researched, which might be the future therapeutic and diagnostic targets of diseases and a new direction for drug research and development.
Topics: Humans; Precision Medicine; Ion Transport; Mutation
PubMed: 37894847
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015166