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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines Oct 2020Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid extracted and purified from the aerial parts of plants belonging to genus Andrographis (Acanthaceae). The research has shown the... (Review)
Review
Andrographolide is a labdane diterpenoid extracted and purified from the aerial parts of plants belonging to genus Andrographis (Acanthaceae). The research has shown the plant based compound is low cytotoxic, having antimicrobial, anti-cancer, antiviral and anti-parasitic effects. Andrographolide both prevent spread as well as transmission of virus to neighboring cells by interfering with different cell signaling pathways. In addition to its medicinal value, plant has been found having nutritional value. Therefore being cost effective, easy availability and having nutritional value as a natural supplement, can be used to improve the quality of life in countries having low standard of living. Due to the limited number of effective vaccines, the plant-based antiviral drugs have provided considerable hope for fighting against the viral infections. The plant-derived compound when produced in large quantities is cost effective with low cytotoxic effects. However, much deep insight research at the molecular level is needed to develop the molecules against the viral infection. This paper aims to highlight the antiviral role of Andrographolide that can made significant contributions toward the improvement of human health and will also summarize the current status and future strategies concerning the therapeutic applications of Andrographolide to combat different viral disease in humans.
Topics: Andrographis; Animals; Antioxidants; Antiviral Agents; Autophagy; Cytoprotection; Diterpenes; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 33039055
DOI: 10.1016/S1875-5364(20)60016-4 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Sep 2022The COVID-19 pandemic has inspired large research investments from the global scientific community in the study of viral properties and antiviral technologies (e.g.,... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has inspired large research investments from the global scientific community in the study of viral properties and antiviral technologies (e.g., self-cleaning surfaces, virucides, antiviral drugs, and vaccines). Emerging viruses are a constant threat due to the substantial variation in viral structures, limiting the potential for expanded broad-spectrum antiviral agent development, and the complexity of targeting multiple and diverse viral species with unique characteristics involving their virulence. Multiple, more infectious variants of SARS-CoV2 (e.g., Delta, Omicron) have already appeared, necessitating research into versatile, robust control strategies in response to the looming threat of future viruses. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have played a vital role in addressing current viral threats, from mRNA-based vaccines to nanoparticle-based drugs and nanotechnology enhanced disinfection methods. Rapid progress in the field has prompted a review of the current literature primarily focused on nanotechnology-based virucides and antivirals. In this review, a brief description of antiviral drugs is provided first as background with most of the discussion focused on key design considerations for high-efficacy antiviral nanomaterials (e.g., nanopharmaceuticals) as determined from published studies as well as related modes of biological activity. Insights into potential future research directions are also provided with a section devoted specifically to the SARS-CoV2 virus. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomediciney > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Humans; Pandemics; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35697665
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1823 -
Viruses Aug 2022Enterovirus infections affect people around the world, causing a range of illnesses, from mild fevers to severe, potentially fatal conditions. There are no approved...
Enterovirus infections affect people around the world, causing a range of illnesses, from mild fevers to severe, potentially fatal conditions. There are no approved treatments for enterovirus infections. We have tested our library of broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAs) against echovirus 1 (EV1) in human adenocarcinoma alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells. We also tested combinations of the most active compounds against EV1 in A549 and human immortalized retinal pigment epithelium RPE cells. We confirmed anti-enteroviral activities of pleconaril, rupintrivir, cycloheximide, vemurafenib, remdesivir, emetine, and anisomycin and identified novel synergistic rupintrivir-vemurafenib, vemurafenib-pleconaril and rupintrivir-pleconaril combinations against EV1 infection. Because rupintrivir, vemurafenib, and pleconaril require lower concentrations to inhibit enterovirus replication in vitro when combined, their cocktails may have fewer side effects in vivo and, therefore, should be further explored in preclinical and clinical trials against EV1 and other enterovirus infections.
Topics: Anisomycin; Antiviral Agents; Cycloheximide; Drug Combinations; Emetine; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Picornaviridae; Vemurafenib
PubMed: 36146673
DOI: 10.3390/v14091866 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2022Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 1% of the world's population and is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. Although antiviral therapy...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 1% of the world's population and is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. Although antiviral therapy consisting of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can cure the majority of HCV patients, it is still limited by viral resistances, drug-drug interactions, and high costs. Moreover, the role of DAAs in the prevention of occurrences of graft reinfection in HCV patients who receive liver transplantations is still under comprehensive clinical investigation, bringing the risk of recipient reinfection. HCV entry is composed of initial non-specific attachment and binding, post-binding interactions with essential host factors, internalization, and virion-cell membrane fusion to release viral RNA to cytosol. Thus, a number of novel and promising targets from either virion or cellular factors of these processes become optimal interfering elements for antiviral therapy, eliminating viral infection at the very beginning. Therefore, entry inhibitors can be supplemented into the future treatment regimens to optimize and widen the prevention and therapeutics of HCV infection. This chapter introduces the basic HCV entry processes and summarizes molecular mechanisms and research status of the current antiviral agents targeting HCV entry in preclinical and clinical study.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Reinfection; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 35412143
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_13 -
ACS Infectious Diseases May 2020The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights an urgent need for therapeutics. Through a series of drug repurposing screening campaigns,... (Review)
Review
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights an urgent need for therapeutics. Through a series of drug repurposing screening campaigns, niclosamide, an FDA-approved anthelminthic drug, was found to be effective against various viral infections with nanomolar to micromolar potency such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, ZIKV, HCV, and human adenovirus, indicating its potential as an antiviral agent. In this brief review, we summarize the broad antiviral activity of niclosamide and highlight its potential clinical use in the treatment of COVID-19.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Drug Repositioning; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Niclosamide; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 32125140
DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00052 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The goal of an antiviral agent research is to find an antiviral drug that reduces viral growth without harming healthy cells. Transformations of the virus, new viral... (Review)
Review
The goal of an antiviral agent research is to find an antiviral drug that reduces viral growth without harming healthy cells. Transformations of the virus, new viral strain developments, the resistance of viral pathogens, and side effects are the current challenges in terms of discovering antiviral drugs. The time has come and it is now essential to discover a natural antiviral agent that has the potential to destroy viruses without causing resistance or other unintended side effects. The pharmacological potency of thymoquinone (TQ) against different communicable and non-communicable diseases has been proven by various studies, and TQ is considered to be a safe antiviral substitute. Adjunctive immunomodulatory effects in addition to the antiviral potency of TQ makes it a major compound against viral infection through modulating the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, decreasing the cytokine storm, and inhibiting endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, TQ's low oral bioavailability, short half-life, poor water solubility, and conventional formulation are barriers to achieving its optimal pharmacologic benefits. Nano-formulation proposes numerous ways to overcome these obstacles through a small particle size, a big surface area, and a variety of surface modifications. Nano-based pharmaceutical innovations to combat viral infections using TQ are a promising approach to treating surmounting viral infections.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Benzoquinones; Solubility; Particle Size
PubMed: 37513307
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145435 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022In recent decades, heparin, as the most important anticoagulant drug, has been widely used in clinical settings to prevent and treat thrombosis in a variety of diseases.... (Review)
Review
In recent decades, heparin, as the most important anticoagulant drug, has been widely used in clinical settings to prevent and treat thrombosis in a variety of diseases. However, with in-depth research, the therapeutic potential of heparin is being explored beyond anticoagulation. To date, heparin and its derivatives have been tested in the protection against and repair of inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiovascular diseases. It has also been explored as an antiangiogenic, preventive, and antiviral agent for atherosclerosis. This review focused on the new and old applications of heparin and discussed the potential mechanisms explaining the biological diversity of heparin.
Topics: Humans; Heparin; Anticoagulants; Thrombosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 36296562
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206968 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) May 2024This review examines hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid, as a potential antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded an urgent need to search... (Review)
Review
This review examines hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid, as a potential antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded an urgent need to search for effective antiviral compounds, including those of natural origin, such as hesperidin. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical properties, bioavailability and antiviral mechanisms of hesperidin, particularly its potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. A review of databases, including PubMedPico, Scopus and Web of Science, was conducted using specific keywords and search criteria in accordance with PRISMA (Re-porting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines between 2020 and 2024. Of the 207 articles, 37 were selected for the review. A key aspect is the correlation of in vitro, in silico and clinical studies on the antiviral effects of hesperidin with epidemiological data on citrus consumption in China during 2020-2024. The importance of integrating laboratory findings with actual consumption patterns to better understand the role of hesperidin in mitigating COVID-19 was highlighted, and an attempt was made to analyze epidemiological studies to examine the association between citrus juice consumption as a source of hesperidin and the incidence and severity of COVID-19 using China as an example. The review identifies consistencies and discrepancies between experimental and epidemiological data, highlighting the need to correlate the two fields to better understand the potential of hesperidin as an agent against SARS-CoV-2. Challenges and limitations in interpreting the results and future research perspectives in this area are discussed. The aim of this comprehensive review is to bridge the gap between experimental studies and epidemiological evidence and to contribute to the understanding of their correlation.
Topics: Hesperidin; Humans; Citrus; Antiviral Agents; China; COVID-19; Incidence; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 38929512
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060892 -
Discovery Medicine 2021Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. With the rapid spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, remdesivir is taking the spotlight for COVID-19...
Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. With the rapid spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally, remdesivir is taking the spotlight for COVID-19 treatment. Despite the promising signs of anti-CoV activity in several preclinical and clinical studies, more data of remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19 is still needed for evaluating its efficacy.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Alanine; Antiviral Agents; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 34965372
DOI: No ID Found -
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2024Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected patient was found in India. Various researchers back-to-back tried to find the solution to this health emergency just after COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current outbreak status of India, its transmission, virulence factors, symptoms, treatment, and the preventive guidelines generated by the Indian Health Ministry. We found that monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease is different from smallpox, and the age group between 30-40 years old is more prone to MPXV disease. We also found that, besides homosexuals, gays, bisexuals, and non-vegetarians, it also affects normal straight men and women who have no history of travel. Close contact should be avoided from rats, monkeys and sick people who are affected by monkeypox. To date, there are no monkeypox drugs, but Tecovirimat is more effective than other drugs that are used for other viral diseases like smallpox. Therefore, we need to develop an effective antiviral agent against the virulence factor of MXPV.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Antiviral Agents; Benzamides; Disease Outbreaks; India; Isoindoles; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Phthalimides; Virulence Factors; Adult
PubMed: 38243966
DOI: 10.2174/0118715265258451231214063506