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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022The oral cavity is an environment with diverse bacteria; thus, antibacterial materials are crucial for treating and preventing dental diseases. There is a high demand...
The oral cavity is an environment with diverse bacteria; thus, antibacterial materials are crucial for treating and preventing dental diseases. There is a high demand for materials with an enamel-like architecture because of the high failure rate of dental restorations, due to the physical differences between dental materials and enamel. However, recreating the distinctive apatite composition and hierarchical architecture of enamel is challenging. The aim of this study was to synthesize a novel material with an enamel-like structure and antibacterial ability. We established a non-cell biomimetic method of evaporation-based bottom-up self-assembly combined with a layer-by-layer technique and introduced an antibacterial agent (graphene oxide) to fabricate a biofunctional material with an enamel-like architecture and antibacterial ability. Specifically, enamel-like graphene oxide-hydroxyapatite crystals, formed on a customized mineralization template, were assembled into an enamel-like prismatic structure with a highly organized orientation preferentially along the -axis through evaporation-based bottom-up self-assembly. With the aid of layer-by-layer absorption, we then fabricated a bulk macroscopic multilayered biofunctional material with a hierarchical enamel-like architecture. This enamel-inspired biomaterial could effectively resolve the problem in dental restoration and brings new prospects for the synthesis of other enamel-inspired biomaterials.
Topics: Graphite; Apatites; Biocompatible Materials; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36430289
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213810 -
Nanomedicine : Nanotechnology, Biology,... Aug 2015The favorable biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite (HA) makes it a popular bone graft material as well as a coating layer on metallic implant. To reduce implant-related... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
The favorable biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite (HA) makes it a popular bone graft material as well as a coating layer on metallic implant. To reduce implant-related infections, silver ions were either incorporated into the apatite during co-precipitation process (AgHA-CP) or underwent ion-exchange with the calcium ions in the apatite (AgHA-IE). However, the distribution of silver ions in AgHA-CP and AgHA-IE was different, thus affecting the antibacterial action. Several studies reported that nanosized AgHA-CP containing 0.5 wt.% of silver provided an optimal trade-off between antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, nanosized AgHA and AgHA nanocoatings could not function ideally due to the compromise in the bone differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, as evidenced in the reduced alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen and osteocalcin. Preliminary studies showed that biological responses of nanosized AgHA and AgHA nanocoatings could be improved with the addition of silicon. This review will discuss on nanosized AgHA and AgHA nanocoatings.
FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR
In many patients needing bone graft material, hydroxyapatite (HA) has proven to be a popular choice. Nonetheless, implant-related infections remain a major concern. Hence, effective preventive measures are needed. In this review article, the authors discussed the application of incorporating silver nanoparticles in HA and its use as bone graft biomaterials together with the addition of silica.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apatites; Escherichia coli; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Silver
PubMed: 25943400
DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.016 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Feb 2023Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)-based apatite forming bone cements are well known for their bioactivity and bioresorbability. The formulation of CDHA-based...
Calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)-based apatite forming bone cements are well known for their bioactivity and bioresorbability. The formulation of CDHA-based cements with improved macroporosity, injectability, and resorbability has been investigated. The solid phase consists of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). The liquid phase is diluted acetic acid with disodium hydrogen phosphate as binding accelerator along with gelatin and chitosan to improve the injectability. A porogen agent either mannitol (as solid porogen) or polysorbate (as liquid porogen) is also used to improve the porosity. All combined in fine-tuned composition results in optimal bone cements. The cement sets within the clinically preferred setting time (≤20 min) and injectability (>70%) and also stable at physiological pH (i.e., ~7.3-7.4). The XRD and FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of CDHA phase on day 7 when the after-set cement immersed under phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at physiological conditions. The cements were found to have acceptable compressive strength for trabecular bone substitute. The cements were macroporous in nature with average pore size between 50 and 150 μm and were interconnected as confirmed by SEM, micro-CT and MIP analysis. The prepared cements are degradable up to 22% and 19% in simulated body fluid and PBS respectively within 10 weeks of immersion at physiological conditions. The cements exhibit higher viability (%) (>110%) with L929 and MG63 cells compared to the control after 3 days of incubation. They also show increased proliferation, well spreading and extended filopodia with MG63 cells. Overall, the developed apatite forming bone cements seems to be suitable for low or non-load bearing orthopedic applications.
Topics: Bone Cements; Apatites; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Calcium Phosphates; Bone Substitutes; Compressive Strength; Durapatite; Glass Ionomer Cements
PubMed: 36095055
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35160 -
Nanoscale Feb 2022Mineralized collagen is a natural organic-inorganic composite. The combination of organic collagen and inorganic apatite to form different nanostructures is the key to...
Mineralized collagen is a natural organic-inorganic composite. The combination of organic collagen and inorganic apatite to form different nanostructures is the key to producing bone substitutes with biomechanical properties that are as identical to normal bone as possible. However, the formation of apatite with different nanostructures during collagen mineralization is unexplored. Here, pyrophosphate (Pyro-P), as an important hydrolysate of adenosine triphosphate in the body, was introduced to prepare mineralized collagen under the regulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and orthophosphate (Ortho-P). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that mineralized collagen, which combined with different crystallinities and multilayered structured apatite, was successfully prepared. A combination of ion chromatography (IC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and thermogravimetry (TG) analyses revealed the crucial role of Ortho-P in the formation of multilayered flower-shaped apatite with different crystallinities and in the maintenance of mineralization balance. Mineralization balance is of great significance for maintaining normal bone morphology during bone regeneration. Overall, our results provide a promising method to produce new bone substitute materials for the repair of large bone defects and a deeper insight into the mechanisms of biomineralization.
Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Apatites; Bone and Bones; Collagen; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phosphates; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 35037677
DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06016c -
ACS Nano Mar 2019Tooth enamel is a hard yet resilient biomaterial that derives its unique mechanical properties from decussating bundles of apatite crystals. To understand enamel crystal...
Tooth enamel is a hard yet resilient biomaterial that derives its unique mechanical properties from decussating bundles of apatite crystals. To understand enamel crystal nucleation and growth at a nanoscale level and to minimize preparation artifacts, the developing mouse enamel matrix was imaged in situ using graphene liquid cells and atomic resolution scanning transmission electron and cryo-fracture electron microscopy. We report that 1-2 nm diameter mineral precipitates aggregated to form larger 5 nm particle assemblies within ameloblast secretory vesicles or annular organic matrix subunits. Further evidence for the fusion of 1-2 nm mineral precipitates into 5 nm mineral aggregates via particle attachment was provided by matrix-mediated calcium phosphate crystal growth studies. As a next step, aggregated particles organized into rows of 3-10 subunits and developed lattice suprastructures with 0.34 nm gridline spacings corresponding to the (002) planes of apatite crystals. Mineral lattice suprastructures superseded closely matched organic matrix patterns, suggestive of a combination of organic/inorganic templates guiding apatite crystal growth. Upon assembly of 2-5 nm subunits into crystal ribbons, lattice fringes indicative of the presence of larger ordered crystallites were observed surrounding elongating crystal ribbons, presumably guiding the c-axis growth of composite apatite crystals. Cryo-fracture micrographs revealed reticular networks of an organic matrix on the surface of elongating enamel crystal ribbons, suggesting that protein coats facilitate c-axis apatite crystal growth. Together, these data demonstrate (i) the involvement of particle attachment in enamel crystal nucleation, (ii) a combination of matrix- and lattice-guided crystal growth, and (iii) fusion of individual crystals via a mechanism similar to Ostwald ripening.
Topics: Animals; Apatites; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallization; Dental Enamel; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; Particle Size; Surface Properties
PubMed: 30763075
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08668 -
PloS One 2021Xerostomia, known as dry mouth, is caused by decreased salivary flow. Treatment with lubricating oral rinses provides temporary relief of dry mouth discomfort; however,...
Xerostomia, known as dry mouth, is caused by decreased salivary flow. Treatment with lubricating oral rinses provides temporary relief of dry mouth discomfort; however, it remains unclear how their composition affects mineralized dental tissues. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of common components in xerostomia oral rinses on biomimetic apatite with varying carbonate contents. Carbonated apatite was synthesized and exposed to one of the following solutions for 72 hours at varying pHs: water-based, phosphorus-containing (PBS), mucin-like containing (MLC), or fluoride-containing (FC) solutions. Post-exposure results indicated that apatite mass decreased irrespective of pH and solution composition, while solution buffering was pH dependent. Raman and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the addition of phosphorus, mucin-like molecules, and fluoride in solution decreases mineral carbonate levels and changed the lattice spacing and crystallinity of bioapatite, indicative of dissolution/recrystallization processes. The mineral recrystallized into a less-carbonated apatite in the PBS and MLC solutions, and into fluorapatite in FC. Tap water did not affect the apatite lattice structure suggesting formation of a labile carbonate surface layer on apatite. These results reveal that solution composition can have varied and complex effects on dental mineral beyond dissolution, which can have long term consequences on mineral solubility and mechanics. Therefore, clinicians should consider these factors when advising treatments for xerostomia patients.
Topics: Apatites; Biomimetic Materials; Crystallization; Fluorides; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mucins; Phosphorus; Saliva, Artificial; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Tooth Calcification; X-Ray Diffraction; Xerostomia
PubMed: 33901259
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250822 -
Journal of Environmental Management Mar 2022Soil fertility and phosphorus management by bone apatite amendment are receiving increasing attention, yet further research is needed to integrate the physicochemical...
Soil fertility and phosphorus management by bone apatite amendment are receiving increasing attention, yet further research is needed to integrate the physicochemical and mineralogical transformation of bone apatite and their impact on the supply and storage of phosphorus in soil. This study has examined bone transformation in the field over a span of 10-years using a set of synchrotron-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) observations reveal the in-situ deterioration of bone osteocyte-canaliculi system and sub-micron microbial tunneling within a year. Extensive organic decomposition, secondary mineral formation and re-mineralization of apatite are evident from the 3rd year. The relative ratio of (v + v) PO to v CO and to amide I increase, and the v PO peak exhibits a blue-shift in less than 3 years. The carbonate substitution of bone hydroxyapatite (HAp) to AB-type CHAp, and phosphate crystallographic rearrangement become apparent after 10 years' aging. The overall CO peak absorbance increases over time, contributing to a higher acid susceptibility in the aged bone. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) binding energies for Ca (2p), P (2p) and O (1s) exhibit a red-shift after 1 year because of organo-mineral interplay and a blue-shift starting from the 3rd year as a result of the de-coupling of mineral and organic components. Nutrient supply to soil occurs within months via organo-mineral decoupling and demineralization. More phosphorus has been released from the bones and enriched in the associated and adjacent soils over time. Lab incubation studies reveal prominent secondary mineral formation via re-precipitation at a pH similar to that in soil, which are highly amorphous and carbonate substituted and prone to further dissolution in an acidic environment. Our high-resolution observations reveal a stage-dependent microbial decomposition, phosphorus dissolution and immobilization via secondary mineral formation over time. The active cycling of phosphorus within the bone and its interplay with adjacent soil account for a sustainable supply and storage of phosphorus nutrients.
Topics: Apatites; Bone and Bones; Durapatite; Phosphorus; Soil
PubMed: 34953223
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114344 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... May 2023Integration of native bone into orthopedic devices is a key factor in long-term implant success. The material-tissue interface is generally accepted to consist of a...
Integration of native bone into orthopedic devices is a key factor in long-term implant success. The material-tissue interface is generally accepted to consist of a hydroxyapatite layer so bioactive materials that can spontaneously generate this hydroxyapatite layer after implantation may improve patient outcomes. Per the ISO 22317:2014 standard, "Implants for surgery - In vitro evaluation for apatite-forming ability of implant materials," bioactivity performance statements can be assessed by soaking the material in simulated body fluid (SBF) and evaluating the surface for the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer; however, variations in test methods may alter hydroxyapatite formation and result in false-positive assessments. The goal of this study was to identify the effect of SBF formulation on bioactivity assessment. Bioglass® (45S5 and S53P4) and non-bioactive Ti-6Al-4V were exposed to SBF formulations varying in calcium ion and phosphate concentrations as well as supporting ion concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction evaluation of the resulting hydroxyapatite layers revealed that SBF enriched with double or quadruple the calcium and phosphate ion concentrations increased hydroxyapatite crystal size and quantity compared to the standard formulation and can induce hydroxyapatite crystallization on surfaces traditionally considered non-bioactive. Altering concentrations of other ions, for example, bicarbonate, changed hydroxyapatite induction time, quantity, and morphology. For studies evaluating the apatite-forming ability of a material to support bioactivity performance statements, test method parameters must be adequately described and controlled. It is unclear if apatite formation after exposure to any of the SBF formulations is representative of an in vivo biological response. The ISO 23317 standard test method should be further developed to provide additional guidance on apatite characterization and interpretation of the results.
Topics: Humans; Apatites; Calcium; Surface Properties; Durapatite; Body Fluids; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 36444900
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35207 -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... Jan 2016Bioactive glasses (BGs) are known to bond to both hard and soft tissues. Upon exposure to an aqueous environment, BG undergoes ion exchange, hydrolysis, selective... (Review)
Review
Bioactive glasses (BGs) are known to bond to both hard and soft tissues. Upon exposure to an aqueous environment, BG undergoes ion exchange, hydrolysis, selective dissolution and precipitation of an apatite layer on their surface, which elicits an interfacial biological response resulting in bioactive fixation, inhibiting further dissolution of the glass, and preventing complete resorption of the material. Fluorine is considered one of the most effective in-vivo bone anabolic factors. In low concentrations, fluoride ions (F(-)) increase bone mass and mineral density, improve the resistance of the apatite structure to acid attack, and have well documented antibacterial properties. F(-) ions may be incorporated into the glass in the form of calcium fluoride (CaF2) either by part-substitution of network modifier oxides, or by maintaining the ratios of the other constituents relatively constant. Fluoride-containing bioactive glasses (FBGs) enhance and control osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralisation. And with their ability to release fluoride locally, FBGs make interesting candidates for various clinical applications, dentinal tubule occlusion in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. This paper reviews the chemistry of FBGs and the influence of F(-) incorporation on the thermal properties, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity; and novel glass compositions for improved mechanical properties, processing, and bioactive potential.
Topics: Apatites; Biocompatible Materials; Fluorides; Glass
PubMed: 26478431
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.064 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Sep 2023In this work, three different modified cements, control apatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate cement (CPC), polymeric CPC (p-CPC), and bioactive glass added polymeric cement...
In this work, three different modified cements, control apatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate cement (CPC), polymeric CPC (p-CPC), and bioactive glass added polymeric cement (p-CPC/BG) were evaluated regarding their physical properties and the responses of primary human osteoblast cells (HObs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Although polyacrylic acid (PAA) increased compressive strength and Young's modulus of the cement, it could cause poor apatite phase formation, a prolonged setting time, and a lower degradation rate. Consequently, bioactive glass (BG) was added to PAA/cement to improve its physical properties, such as compressive strength, Young's modulus, setting time, and degradation. For in vitro testing, HObs viability was assessed under two culture systems with cement-preconditioned medium (indirect) and with cement (direct). HObs viability was examined in direct contact with cements treated by different prewashing conditions. HObs presented a more well spread morphology on cement soaked in medium overnight, as compared to other cements with no treatment and washing in PBS. In addition, the proliferation, differentiation, and total collagen production of both HObs and MSCs adhered to the cement were detected. Cells showed excellent proliferation on PAA/cement and PAA/BG/cement. Furthermore, the higher released Si ion and lower acidosis of PAA/BG/cement-conditioned medium resulted in an increase in osteogenic differentiation (HObs and MSCs) and enhanced collagen production (HObs in osteogenic medium and MSCs in control medium). Therefore, our findings suggest that BG incorporated PAA/apatite/β-TCP cement could be a promising formula for bone repair applications.
Topics: Humans; Apatites; Bone Cements; Osteogenesis; Calcium Phosphates; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Collagen; Osteoblasts
PubMed: 37009913
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37542