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Journal of Nanobiotechnology May 2023Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation. The complex biological processes... (Review)
Review
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation. The complex biological processes of COPD include protein hydrolysis tissue remodeling, innate immune inflammation, disturbed host-pathogen response, abnormal cellular phenotype conversion, and cellular senescence. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) (including apoptotic vesicles, microvesicles and exosomes), are released by almost all cell types and can be found in a variety of body fluids including blood, sputum and urine. EVs are key mediators in cell-cell communication and can be used by using their bioactive substances (DNA, RNA, miRNA, proteins and other metabolites) to enable cells in adjacent and distant tissues to perform a wide variety of functions, which in turn affect the physiological and pathological functions of the body. Thus, EVs is expected to play an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD, which in turn affects its acute exacerbations and may serve as a diagnostic marker for it. Furthermore, recent therapeutic approaches and advances have introduced EVs into the treatment of COPD, such as the modification of EVs into novel drug delivery vehicles. Here, we discuss the role of EVs from cells of different origins in the pathogenesis of COPD and explore their possible use as biomarkers in diagnosis, and finally describe their role in therapy and future prospects for their application. Graphical Abstract.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Exosomes; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Asthma
PubMed: 37147634
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01911-5 -
Mass Spectrometry Reviews Mar 2023Extracellular vesicles from plasma, other body fluids and cell culture media hold great promise in the search for biomarkers. Exosomes in particular, the vesicle type... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles from plasma, other body fluids and cell culture media hold great promise in the search for biomarkers. Exosomes in particular, the vesicle type that is secreted after being produced in the endocytic pathway and having a diameter of 30-150 nm, are considered to be a conveyance for signaling molecules and, therefore, to hold valuable information regarding the health and activity status of the cells from which they are released. The vesicular nature of exosomes is central to all methods used to separate them from the highly abundant proteins in plasma and other fluids. The enrichment of the vesicles is essential for mass spectrometry-based analysis as they represent only a very small component of all plasma proteins. The progression of isolation techniques for exosomes from ultracentrifugation through chromatographic separation using hydrophobic packing materials shows that effective enrichment is possible and that high throughput approaches to exosome enrichment are achievable.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Ultracentrifugation; Exosomes; Mass Spectrometry; Blood Proteins
PubMed: 34632607
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21738 -
Journal of Dental Research Dec 2022Hard tissues, including the bones and teeth, are a fundamental part of the body, and their formation and homeostasis are critically regulated by matrix vesicle-mediated... (Review)
Review
Hard tissues, including the bones and teeth, are a fundamental part of the body, and their formation and homeostasis are critically regulated by matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization. Matrix vesicles have been studied for 50 y since they were first observed using electron microscopy. However, research progress has been hampered by various technical barriers. Recently, there have been great advancements in our understanding of the intracellular biosynthesis of matrix vesicles. Mitochondria and lysosomes are now considered key players in matrix vesicle formation. The involvement of mitophagy, mitochondrial-derived vesicles, and mitochondria-lysosome interaction have been suggested as potential detailed mechanisms of the intracellular pathway of matrix vesicles. Their main secretion pathway may be exocytosis, in addition to the traditionally understood mechanism of budding from the outer plasma membrane. This basic knowledge of matrix vesicles should be strengthened by novel nano-level microscopic technologies, together with basic cell biologies, such as autophagy and interorganelle interactions. In the field of tissue regeneration, extracellular vesicles such as exosomes are gaining interest as promising tools in cell-free bone and periodontal regenerative therapy. Matrix vesicles, which are recognized as a special type of extracellular vesicles, could be another potential alternative. In this review, we outline the recent significant progress in the process of matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization and the potential clinical applications of matrix vesicles for tissue regeneration.
Topics: Calcification, Physiologic; Bone and Bones; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Autophagy; Extracellular Matrix
PubMed: 35722955
DOI: 10.1177/00220345221103145 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Oct 2022Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying RNA have attracted growing attention in plant cell biology. For a long time, EV release or uptake through the rigid plant cell wall... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying RNA have attracted growing attention in plant cell biology. For a long time, EV release or uptake through the rigid plant cell wall was considered to be impossible and RNA outside cells to be unstable. Identified EV biomarkers have brought new insights into functional roles of EVs to transport their RNA cargo for systemic spread in plants and into plant-invading pathogens. RNA-binding proteins supposedly take over key functions in EV-mediated RNA secretion and transport, but the mechanisms of RNA sorting and EV translocation through the plant cell wall and plasma membrane are not understood. Characterizing the molecular players and the cellular mechanisms of plant RNA-containing EVs will create new knowledge in cell-to-cell and inter-organismal communication.
Topics: Biological Transport; Biomarkers; Cell Communication; Extracellular Vesicles; Plants; RNA, Plant
PubMed: 35964451
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102272 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2017Research in the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is challenged by the small size of the nano-sized particles. Apart from the use of transmission and scanning... (Review)
Review
Research in the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is challenged by the small size of the nano-sized particles. Apart from the use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, established technical platforms to visualize, quantify, and characterize nano-sized EVs were lacking. Recently, methodologies to characterize nano-sized EVs have been developed. This chapter aims to summarize physical principles of novel and conventional technologies to be used in the EV field and to discuss advantages and limitations.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Biomarkers; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Dynamic Light Scattering; Extracellular Vesicles; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Particle Size
PubMed: 27943203
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid vesicles in a size range of 20-1000 nm; often, these are classified as smaller and larger EVs in the literature or...
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived lipid vesicles in a size range of 20-1000 nm; often, these are classified as smaller and larger EVs in the literature or also commonly called small EVs ("exosomes") and medium/large EVs ("microvesicles") [...].
Topics: Phylogeny; Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Cell-Derived Microparticles
PubMed: 37445643
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310466 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023In the complex field of cell-to-cell communication and physiological regulation, there is a remarkable category of tiny messengers called extracellular vesicles (EVs)...
In the complex field of cell-to-cell communication and physiological regulation, there is a remarkable category of tiny messengers called extracellular vesicles (EVs) [...].
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Cell Communication
PubMed: 38003324
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216134 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Mar 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane bound complexes that have been identified as a mean for intercellular communication between cells and tissues both... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane bound complexes that have been identified as a mean for intercellular communication between cells and tissues both in physiological and pathological conditions. These vesicles contain numerous molecules involved in signal transduction including microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA, proteins, lipids, and cytokines and can affect the behavior of recipient cells. Female reproduction is dependent on extremely fine-tuned endocrine regulation, and EVs may represent an added layer that contributes to this regulation. This narrative review article provides an update on the research of the role of EVs in female reproduction including folliculogenesis, fertilization, embryo quality, and implantation. We also highlight potential pitfalls in typical EV studies and discuss gaps in the current literature.
Topics: Embryo Implantation; Extracellular Vesicles; Female; Humans; Ovarian Follicle; Reproduction
PubMed: 33471231
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-02048-2 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Nov 2021Cancer cells release a variety of factors that contribute to the alteration of proximal and distal tissues to promote metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that... (Review)
Review
Cancer cells release a variety of factors that contribute to the alteration of proximal and distal tissues to promote metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that aggressive cancer cells release extracellular vesicles with higher protein content and in excess than extracellular vesicles isolated from patients with less aggressive disease or healthy individuals. We found that melanoma tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) downregulate type I interferon receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1), suppress expression of the interferon stimulated gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Loss of CH25H is observed in the leukocytes from melanoma patients, which correlated with metastasis and poor survival. Similarly, mice also exhibit loss of IFNAR1 following TEV administration. Moreover, loss of CH25H increased TEV uptake and TEV-induced pre metastatic niche and lung metastasis. Use of the anti-hypertensive drug, reserpine, mimicked the effects of the CH25H product 25-hydroxycholesterol to suppress TEV uptake and TEV-mediated tumor growth, pre-metastatic niche formation, and lung metastasis. These results suggest the importance of CH25H in suppressing TEV mediate cancer progression and importance of developing strategies to suppress TEV uptake and TEV-mediated disease progression.
Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34090999
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.032 -
Cell Proliferation Jan 2021Metastasis refers to the progressive dissemination of primary tumour cells and their colonization of other tissues and is associated with most cancer-related... (Review)
Review
Metastasis refers to the progressive dissemination of primary tumour cells and their colonization of other tissues and is associated with most cancer-related mortalities. The disproportional and systematic distribution pattern of distant metastasis in different cancers has been well documented, as is termed metastatic organotropism, a process orchestrated by a combination of anatomical, pathophysiological, genetic and biochemical factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanosized cell-derived membrane-bound particles known to mediate intercellular communication, are now considered crucial in organ-specific metastasis. Here, we review and summarize recent findings regarding EV-associated organotropic metastasis as well as some of the general mechanisms by which EVs contribute to this important process in cancer and provide a future perspective on this emerging topic. We highlight studies that demonstrate a role of tumour-derived EVs in organotropic metastasis via pre-metastatic niche modulation. The bioactive cargo carried by EVs is of diagnostic and prognostic values, and counteracting the functions of such EVs may be a novel therapeutic strategy targeting metastasis. Further investigations are warranted to better understand the functions and mechanisms of EVs in organotropic metastasis and accelerate the relevant clinical translation.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33145869
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12948