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Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS Sep 2023Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation.
METHODS
In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles.
RESULTS
Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis.
CONCLUSION
Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Exosomes; Homeostasis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37749626
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01251-9 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication via delivery of functional...
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) refer to vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication via delivery of functional biomolecules between host and recipient cells. EVs can be categorised based on their mode of biogenesis and secretion and include apoptotic bodies, ectosomes or shedding microvesicles and exosomes among others. EVs have gained immense interest in recent years owing to their implications in pathophysiological conditions. Indeed, EVs have been proven useful in clinical applications as potential drug delivery vehicles and as source of diagnostic biomarkers. Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the clinical benefits, the processes involved in the biogenesis of EVs are poorly understood. Hence, it is critical to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular machineries that ultimately govern the biogenesis and secretion of EVs. This chapter discusses the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of various subtypes of EVs.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 33779912
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_2 -
American Journal of Physiology. Heart... May 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-delimited particles released from cells that mediate intercellular communications and play a pivotal role in... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-delimited particles released from cells that mediate intercellular communications and play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological processes. Subtypes of EVs may include plasma membrane ectosomes or microvesicles and endosomal origin exosomes, although functional distinctions remain unclear. EVs carry cargo proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), lipids, and metabolites. By presenting or transferring this cargo to recipient cells, EVs can trigger cellular responses. We summarize contemporary understanding of EV biogenesis, composition, and function, with an emphasis on the role of EVs in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we outline the functional relevance of EVs in cardiovascular pathophysiology, further highlighting their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Cell Communication; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Signal Transduction; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 33666501
DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00925.2020 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Jun 2021Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles, heterogeneous in size, shape, contents, biogenesis and structure. They are released by eukaryotic and... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles, heterogeneous in size, shape, contents, biogenesis and structure. They are released by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and exert (patho-)physiological roles as mediators for transmitting molecular information from the producer (donor) to a recipient cell. This review focuses on the potential of EVs for delivering nucleic acids, as particularly problematic cargoes with regard to stability/protection and uptake efficacy. It highlights important properties of EVs for nucleic acid delivery and discusses their physiological and pathophysiological roles with regard to various cellular RNA species. It then describes the application of EVs for delivering a broad selection of nucleic acids/oligonucleotides, in particular giving a comprehensive overview of preclinical in vivo studies and the various strategies explored. In this context, different techniques for EV loading are discussed, as well as other important technical aspects related to EV preparation, characterization and in particular, the various approaches of artificial EV modification.
Topics: Biological Transport; Drug Delivery Systems; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; RNA
PubMed: 33746014
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.005 -
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) May 2018The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a rapidly evolving field, owing in large part to recent advances in the realization of their significant contributions to... (Review)
Review
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a rapidly evolving field, owing in large part to recent advances in the realization of their significant contributions to normal physiology and disease. Once discredited as cell debris, these membrane vesicles have now emerged as mediators of intercellular communication by interaction with target cells, drug and gene delivery, and as potentially versatile platforms of clinical biomarkers as a result of their distinctive protein, nucleic acid and lipid cargoes. While there are multiple classes of EVs released from almost all cell types, here we focus primarily on the biogenesis, fate and functional cargoes of microvesicles (MVs). MVs regulate many important cellular processes including facilitating cell invasion, cell growth, evasion of immune response, stimulating angiogenesis, drug resistance and many others.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Organelle Biogenesis
PubMed: 29479795
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12558 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Nov 2022Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for multiple biomedical applications. Major types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for multiple biomedical applications. Major types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies (ABs). ABs are conferred most properties from parent cells in the final stages of apoptosis. A wide variety of sources and stable morphological features are endowed to ABs by the rigorous apoptotic program. ABs accommodate more functional biomolecules by relying on the larger volume and maintaining their naturalness in circulation. The predominant body surface ratio of ABs facilitates their recognition by recipient cells and is advantageous for interactions with microenvironments. ABs can modulate and alleviate symptoms of numerous diseases for their origins, circulation, and high biocompatibility. In addition, ABs have been emerging in disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, regenerative therapy, and drug delivery. Here, we aim to present a thorough discussion on current knowledge about ABs. Of particular interest, we will summarize the application of AB-based strategies for diagnosis and disease therapy. Perspectives for the development of ABs in biomedical applications are highlighted.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Exosomes; Drug Delivery Systems; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Apoptosis
PubMed: 36167267
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.045 -
Mass Spectrometry Reviews 2016The review briefly summaries main features of extracellular vesicles, a joint terminology for exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic vesicles. These vesicles are in the... (Review)
Review
The review briefly summaries main features of extracellular vesicles, a joint terminology for exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic vesicles. These vesicles are in the center of interest in biology and medical sciences, and form a very active field of research. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its specificity and sensitivity, has the potential to identify and characterize molecular composition of these vesicles; but as yet there are only a limited, but fast-growing, number of publications that use MS workflows in this field. MS is the major tool to assess protein composition of extracellular vesicles: qualitative and quantitative proteomics approaches are both reviewed. Beside proteins, lipid and metabolite composition of vesicles might also be best assessed by MS techniques; however there are few applications as yet in this respect. The role of alternative analytical approaches, like gel-based proteomics and antibody-based immunoassays, are also mentioned. The objective of the review is to give an overview of this fast-growing field to help orient MS-based research on extracellular vesicles.
Topics: Animals; Biophysical Phenomena; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Proteomics
PubMed: 25705034
DOI: 10.1002/mas.21457 -
Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2020Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication in normal cellular process and pathological conditions by facilitating the transport... (Review)
Review
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication in normal cellular process and pathological conditions by facilitating the transport of cellular content from one cell to another. EVs as conveyors of various biological molecules with their ability to redirect effects on a target cell physiological function in cell type-specific manner makes EVs an excellent candidate for drug delivery vehicle in disease therapy. Moreover, unique characteristics and contents of EVs which differ depends on cellular origin and physiological state make them a valuable source of diagnostic biomarker. Herein, we review the current progress in extracellular vesicle (EV) analysis, its transition from biomedical research to advancing therapy, and recent pioneered approaches to characterize and quantify EVs' subclasses with an emphasis on the integration of advanced technologies for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of EVs in different clinical tissue/body fluid samples.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Humans
PubMed: 32448435
DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.003 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology Jan 2023Sarcoma is a group of rare and heterogeneous mesenchymal tumors, prone to late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Exosomes are cell-derived small extracellular vesicles found... (Review)
Review
Sarcoma is a group of rare and heterogeneous mesenchymal tumors, prone to late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Exosomes are cell-derived small extracellular vesicles found in most body fluids and contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other molecules. Qualitative and quantitative changes of exosomes and the contents are associated with sarcoma progression, exhibiting their potential as biomarkers. Exosomes possess the capacity of evading immune responses, bioactivity for trafficking, tumor tropism, and lesion residence. Thus, exosomes could be engineered as tumor-specific vehicles in drugs and RNA delivery systems. Exosomes might also serve as therapeutic targets in targeted therapy and immunotherapy and be involved in chemotherapy resistance. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of exosome applications in liquid biopsy-based diagnosis and explore their implications in the delivery system, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy resistance of sarcoma. Moreover, challenges in exosome clinical applications are raised and some future research directions are proposed.
Topics: Humans; Exosomes; Drug Delivery Systems; Sarcoma; Neoplasms; Biomarkers; Extracellular Vesicles; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 36481305
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103895 -
Advances in Clinical Chemistry 2021Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a group of heterogeneous nanosized cell-derived... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a group of heterogeneous nanosized cell-derived vesicles, have attracted great interest as liquid biopsy material for biomarker discovery in a variety of diseases including cardiovascular disease. Because EVs inherit bioactive components from parent cells and are able to transfer their contents to recipient cells, EVs hold great promise as potential cell-free therapeutics and drug delivery systems. However, the development of EV-based diagnostics, therapeutics or drug delivery systems has been challenging due to the heterogenicity of EVs in biogenesis, size and cellular origin, the lack of standardized isolation and purification methods as well as the low production yield. In this review, we will provide an overview of the recent advances in EV-based biomarker discovery, highlight the potential usefulness of EVs and EV mimetics for therapeutic treatment and drug delivery in cardiovascular disease. In view of the fast development in this field, we will also discuss the challenges of current methodologies for isolation, purification and fabrication of EVs and potential alternatives.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Drug Delivery Systems; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans
PubMed: 34229852
DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.08.006