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Nutrients Dec 2022Research shows that reduced sleep duration is related to an increased risk of obesity. The relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other... (Review)
Review
Research shows that reduced sleep duration is related to an increased risk of obesity. The relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases may be related to the imbalance of appetite regulation. To comprehensively illustrate the specific relationship between sleep deprivation and appetite regulation, this review introduces the pathophysiology of sleep deprivation, the research cutting edge of animal models, and the central regulatory mechanism of appetite under sleep deprivation. This paper summarizes the changes in appetite-related hormones orexin, ghrelin, leptin, and insulin secretion caused by long-term sleep deprivation based on the epidemiology data and animal studies that have established sleep deprivation models. Moreover, this review analyzes the potential mechanism of associations between appetite regulation and sleep deprivation, providing more clues on further studies and new strategies to access obesity and metabolic disease.
Topics: Animals; Sleep Deprivation; Appetite Regulation; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Leptin; Ghrelin; Obesity; Appetite; Sleep
PubMed: 36558355
DOI: 10.3390/nu14245196 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Apr 2022New appetite-regulating antiobesity treatments such as semaglutide and agents under investigation such as tirzepatide show promise in achieving weight loss of 15% or... (Review)
Review
New appetite-regulating antiobesity treatments such as semaglutide and agents under investigation such as tirzepatide show promise in achieving weight loss of 15% or more. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and lean mass preservation are important determinants of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance beyond appetite regulation. This review discusses prior failures in clinical development of weight-loss drugs targeting energy expenditure and explores novel strategies for targeting energy expenditure: mitochondrial proton leak, uncoupling, dynamics, and biogenesis; futile calcium and substrate cycling; leptin for weight maintenance; increased sympathetic nervous system activity; and browning of white fat. Relevant targets for preserving lean mass are also reviewed: growth hormone, activin type II receptor inhibition, and urocortin 2 and 3. We endorse moderate modulation of energy expenditure and preservation of lean mass in combination with efficient appetite reduction as a means of obtaining a significant, safe, and long-lasting weight loss. Furthermore, we suggest that the regulatory guidelines should be revisited to focus more on the quality of weight loss and its maintenance rather than the absolute weight loss. Commitment to this research focus both from a scientific and from a regulatory point of view could signal the beginning of the next era in obesity therapies.
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Obesity; Weight Loss
PubMed: 35333444
DOI: 10.1002/oby.23374 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Feb 2015Exercise is widely regarded as one of the most valuable components of behaviour that can influence body weight and therefore help in the prevention and management of... (Review)
Review
Exercise is widely regarded as one of the most valuable components of behaviour that can influence body weight and therefore help in the prevention and management of obesity. Indeed, long-term controlled trials show a clear dose-related effect of exercise on body weight. However, there is a suspicion, particularly fuelled by media reports, that exercise serves to increase hunger and drive up food intake thereby nullifying the energy expended through activity. Not everyone performing regular exercise will lose weight and several investigations have demonstrated a huge individual variability in the response to exercise regimes. What accounts for this heterogeneous response? First, exercise (or physical activity) through the expenditure of energy will influence the energy balance equation with the potential to generate an energy deficit. However, energy expenditure also influences the control of appetite (i.e. the physiological and psychological regulatory processes underpinning feeding) and energy intake. This dynamic interaction means that the prediction of a resultant shift in energy balance, and therefore weight change, will be complicated. In changing energy intake, exercise will impact on the biological mechanisms controlling appetite. It is becoming recognized that the major influences on the expression of appetite arise from fat-free mass and fat mass, resting metabolic rate, gastric adjustment to ingested food, changes in episodic peptides including insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and tyrosine-tyrosine, as well as tonic peptides such as leptin. Moreover, there is evidence that exercise will influence all of these components that, in turn, will influence the drive to eat through the modulation of hunger (a conscious sensation reflecting a mental urge to eat) and adjustments in postprandial satiety via an interaction with food composition. The specific actions of exercise on each physiological component will vary in strength from person to person (according to individual physiological characteristics) and with the intensity and duration of exercise. Therefore, individual responses to exercise will be highly variable and difficult to predict.
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Homeostasis; Humans; Obesity; Physical Fitness; Satiation
PubMed: 25614205
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12257 -
Physiological Research Apr 2021This paper reviews provenance, chemical composition and properties of tea (Camelia sinensis L.) and coffee (Coffee arabica, L. and Coffeacaniphora, L.), their general... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews provenance, chemical composition and properties of tea (Camelia sinensis L.) and coffee (Coffee arabica, L. and Coffeacaniphora, L.), their general health effects, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning their action on fat storage, physiological mechanisms of their effects, as well as their safety and recommended dosage for treatment of obesity. Both tea and coffee possess the ability to promote health and to prevent, to mitigate and to treat numerous disorders. This ability can be partially due to presence of caffeine in both plants. Further physiological and medicinal effects could be explained by other molecules (theaflavins, catechins, their metabolites and polyphenols in tea and polyphenol chlorogenic acid in coffee). These plants and plant molecules can be efficient for prevention and treatment of numerous metabolic disorders including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Both plants and their constituents can reduce fat storage through suppression of adipocyte functions, and support of gut microbiota. In addition, tea can prevent obesity via reduction of appetite, food consumption and food absorption in gastrointestinal system and through the changes in fat metabolism.
Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Appetite Regulation; Coffee; Health Status; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Obesity; Phytochemicals; Tea; Weight Gain
PubMed: 33992045
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934674 -
Gastroenterology Mar 2017Although the gastrointestinal tract contains intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of independent control over gastrointestinal functions, the... (Review)
Review
Although the gastrointestinal tract contains intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of independent control over gastrointestinal functions, the central nervous system provides extrinsic neural inputs that modulate, regulate, and integrate these functions. In particular, the vagus nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal tract, coordinating the complex interactions between central and peripheral neural control mechanisms. This review discusses the physiological roles of the afferent (sensory) and motor (efferent) vagus in regulation of appetite, mood, and the immune system, as well as the pathophysiological outcomes of vagus nerve dysfunction resulting in obesity, mood disorders, and inflammation. The therapeutic potential of vagus nerve modulation to attenuate or reverse these pathophysiological outcomes and restore autonomic homeostasis is also discussed.
Topics: Affect; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Appetite Regulation; Colitis; Cytokines; Diet; Efferent Pathways; Enteritis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons, Afferent; Obesity; Vagus Nerve; Vagus Nerve Stimulation
PubMed: 27988382
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.046 -
Cell Jan 2020The function of central appetite neurons is instructing animals to ingest specific nutrient factors that the body needs. Emerging evidence suggests that individual... (Review)
Review
The function of central appetite neurons is instructing animals to ingest specific nutrient factors that the body needs. Emerging evidence suggests that individual appetite circuits for major nutrients-water, sodium, and food-operate on unique driving and quenching mechanisms. This review focuses on two aspects of appetite regulation. First, we describe the temporal relationship between appetite neuron activity and consumption behaviors. Second, we summarize ingestion-related satiation signals that differentially quench individual appetite circuits. We further discuss how distinct appetite and satiation systems for each factor may contribute to nutrient homeostasis from the functional and evolutional perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Brain; Feeding Behavior; Homeostasis; Humans; Hunger; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena; Neurons; Satiation; Sodium; Thirst
PubMed: 31923398
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.040 -
Microbiome Jul 2021Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of... (Review)
Review
Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of the host and cause various metabolic disorders. A variety of factors have been implicated in appetite control, including gut microbiota, which develop the intricate interactions to manipulate the metabolic requirements and hedonic feelings. Gut microbial metabolites and components act as appetite-related signaling molecules to regulate appetite-related hormone secretion and the immune system, or act directly on hypothalamic neurons. Herein, we summarize the effects of gut microbiota on host appetite and consider the potential molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose that the manipulation of gut microbiota represents a clinical therapeutic potential for lessening the development and consequence of appetite-related disorders. Video abstract.
Topics: Animals; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immune System
PubMed: 34284827
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01093-y -
Neuron Aug 2017Prior mouse genetic research has set the stage for a deep understanding of appetite regulation. This goal is now being realized through the use of recent technological... (Review)
Review
Prior mouse genetic research has set the stage for a deep understanding of appetite regulation. This goal is now being realized through the use of recent technological advances, such as the ability to map connectivity between neurons, manipulate neural activity in real time, and measure neural activity during behavior. Indeed, major progress has been made with regard to meal-related gut control of appetite, arcuate nucleus-based hypothalamic circuits linking energy state to the motivational drive, hunger, and, finally, limbic and cognitive processes that bring about hunger-mediated increases in reward value and perception of food. Unexpected findings are also being made; for example, the rapid regulation of homeostatic neurons by cues that predict future food consumption. The aim of this review is to cover the major underpinnings of appetite regulation, describe recent advances resulting from new technologies, and synthesize these findings into an updated view of appetite regulation.
Topics: Agouti-Related Protein; Animals; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Neural Pathways; Neurons
PubMed: 28817798
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.014 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Dec 2017There is a direct link between a variety of addictions and mood states to which exercise could be relieving. Sugar addiction has been recently counted as another... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is a direct link between a variety of addictions and mood states to which exercise could be relieving. Sugar addiction has been recently counted as another binge/compulsive/addictive eating behavior, differently induced, leading to a high-significant health problem. Regularly exercising at moderate intensity has been shown to efficiently and positively impact upon physiological imbalances caused by several morbid conditions, including affective disorders. Even in a wider set of physchiatric diseases, physical exercise has been prescribed as a complementary therapeutic strategy.
METHOD
A comprehensive literature search was carried out in the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases (search terms: sugar addiction, food craving, exercise therapy, training, physical fitness, physical activity, rehabilitation and aerobic).
RESULTS
Seeking high-sugar diets, also in a reward- or craving-addiction fashion, can generate drastic metabolic derangements, often interpolated with affective disorders, for which exercise may represent a valuable, universal, non-pharmachological barrier.
LIMITATIONS
More research in humans is needed to confirm potential exercise-mechanisms that may break the bond between sugar over-consumption and affective disorders.
CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of this review is to address the importance of physical exercise in reversing the gloomy scenario of unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles in our modern society.
Topics: Adult; Appetite Regulation; Behavior, Addictive; Compulsive Behavior; Craving; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Physical Exertion; Physical Fitness; Sugars
PubMed: 27817910
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.035 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Sep 2016In today's society, snacking contributes close to one-third of daily energy intake, with many snacks consisting of energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods. Choices made... (Review)
Review
In today's society, snacking contributes close to one-third of daily energy intake, with many snacks consisting of energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods. Choices made with regard to snacking are affected by a multitude of factors on individual, social, and environmental levels. Social norms, for example, that emphasize healthful eating are likely to increase the intake of nutrient-rich snacks. In addition, satiety, the feeling of fullness that persists after eating, is an important factor in suppressing overconsumption, which can lead to overweight and obesity. Thus, eating snacks between meals has the potential to promote satiety and suppress overconsumption at the subsequent meal. Numerous studies have explored the relation between snack foods and satiety. These studies concluded that whole foods high in protein, fiber, and whole grains (e.g., nuts, yogurt, prunes, and popcorn) enhance satiety when consumed as snacks. Other foods that are processed to include protein, fiber, or complex carbohydrates might also facilitate satiety when consumed as snacks. However, studies that examined the effects of snack foods on obesity did not always account for satiety and the dietary quality and portion size of the snacks consumed. Thus, the evidence concerning the effects of snack foods on obesity has been mixed, with a number of interventional and observational studies not finding a link between snack foods and increased weight status. Although further prospective studies are warranted to conclusively determine the effects of snack foods on obesity risk, the consumption of healthful snacks likely affects satiety and promotes appetite control, which could reduce obesity.
Topics: Appetite Regulation; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Nutritive Value; Obesity; Satiation; Snacks
PubMed: 27633103
DOI: 10.3945/an.115.009340