-
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease May 2018Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii are Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms that cause watery diarrhea and septicemia in humans....
Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii are Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms that cause watery diarrhea and septicemia in humans. The aims of this study were to detect the presence of Arcobacter spp. in chicken meat from butcher shops in São Paulo (Brazil) and to verify their virulence genes and genotypic profiles. A total of 300 chicken cuts were analyzed. The results show the presence of Arcobacter spp. in 18.3% of samples, which were identified as A. butzleri (63.6%) and A. cryaerophilus (36.3%). All strains were positive for the virulence genes ciaB and mviN, followed by cj1349 (98%), pldA (94.4%), cadF (72.7%), tlyA (92.7%), hecA (49%), irgA (47.2%), and hecB (34.5%). These strains were subjected to single-enzyme amplified fragment length polymorphism. Nineteen genotypic profiles were obtained for A. butzleri, and 17 for A. cryaerophilus. These results confirm the presence of virulent strains of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in the chicken meat in Brazil. The presence of potentially virulent strains of Arcobacter highlights a possible public health risk, particularly with respect to ingestion of undercooked foods and cross-contamination from uncooked foods during food preparation and contaminated utensils.
Topics: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; Animals; Arcobacter; Brazil; Chickens; Food Safety; Genes, Bacterial; Genotype; Humans; Meat; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29406776
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2368 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Feb 2021This research aims to investigate the presence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter in poultry meat samples purchased in the retail market of Valdivia (South of Chile)...
This research aims to investigate the presence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter in poultry meat samples purchased in the retail market of Valdivia (South of Chile) as well as in faecal samples from backyard chickens from rural areas around this city. The isolates obtained were identified by molecular methods. Furthermore, putative virulence genes were assessed by PCR and the antimicrobial resistance was tested by phenotypic methods. Arcobacter was present in 41·6% of the samples, with the highest value in retail poultry meat (55·7%) followed by backyard production (28·0%). Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent species (75·6%) followed by Arcobacter skirrowii (14·8%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (9·6%). An 8·5% of A. butzleri strains from meat were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline and 6·1% were resistant to erythromycin, while none was resistant to gentamycin, unlike strains from domestic chickens, which showed no resistance. Furthermore, A. butzleri strains from chicken meat presented a higher prevalence of virulence genes than strains from domestic chickens. In fact, in this last group, some genes (hecA, hecB and irgA) were completely absent. Therefore, this study provides insight on the epidemiology of Arcobacter in Chilean poultry and suggests that under traditional breeding conditions strains are, apparently, less pathogenic and drug resistant.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Chickens; Chile; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Feces; Food Microbiology; Gentamicins; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Meat; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33025583
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13404 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2018spp. are considered the most common bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the world. The family includes the genus with the three species , , and as...
spp. are considered the most common bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the world. The family includes the genus with the three species , , and as emergent enteropathogens and potential zoonotic agents. Here, we characterized genome sequences of that were isolated from water poultry on farms in Germany. Isolates were cultured, identified by MALDI-TOF MS and identification was verified with PCR assays. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates was carried out with erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, gentamicin, and streptomycin using the gradient strip method (-test). We also sequenced whole genomes and predicted antibiotic resistance determinants, virulence factors, performed a phylogenetic analysis to determine the genetic relatedness of these isolates and searched for plasmids.
PubMed: 30619152
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03067 -
PeerJ 2018[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3269.].
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3269.].
PubMed: 30280008
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3269/correction-1 -
Gut Pathogens Dec 2023Arcobacter species are considered emerging foodborne pathogens that can potentially cause serious infections in animals and humans. This cross-sectional study determined...
Antibiotic-Resistant Arcobacter spp. in commercial and smallholder farm animals in Asante Akim North Municipality, Ghana and Korogwe Town Council, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.
BACKGROUND
Arcobacter species are considered emerging foodborne pathogens that can potentially cause serious infections in animals and humans. This cross-sectional study determined the frequency of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter spp. in both commercial and smallholder farm animals in Ghana and Tanzania. A total of 1585 and 1047 (poultry and livestock) samples were collected in Ghana and Tanzania, respectively. Selective enrichment media, along with oxidase and Gram testing, were employed for isolation of suspected Arcobacter spp. and confirmation was done using MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed through disk diffusion method and ECOFFs were generated, for interpretation, based on resulting inhibition zone diameters.
RESULTS
The overall Arcobacter frequency was higher in Ghana (7.0%, n = 111) than in Tanzania (2.0%, n = 21). The frequency of Arcobacter in commercial farms in Ghana was 10.3% (n/N = 83/805), while in Tanzania, it was 2.8% (n/N = 12/430). Arcobacter was detected in only 3.6% (n/N = 28/780) of the samples from smallholder farms in Ghana and 1.5% (n/N = 9/617) of the samples from Tanzania. For commercial farms, in Ghana, the presence of Arcobacter was more abundant in pigs (45.1%, n/N = 37/82), followed by ducks (38.5%, n/N = 10/26) and quails (35.7%, n/N = 10/28). According to MALDI-TOF-based species identification, Arcobacter butzleri (91.6%, n/N = 121/132), Arcobacter lanthieri (6.1%, n/N = 8/132), and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (2.3%, n/N = 3/132) were the only three Arcobacter species detected at both study sites. Almost all of the Arcobacter from Ghana (98.2%, n/N = 109/111) were isolated during the rainy season. The inhibition zone diameters recorded for penicillin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol allowed no determination of an epidemiological cut-off value. However, the results indicated a general resistance to these three antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was noted in 57.1% (n/N = 12/21) of the Arcobacter isolates from Tanzania and 45.0% (n/N = 50/111) of those from Ghana. The type of farm (commercial or smallholder) and source of the sample (poultry or livestock) were found to be associated with multi-drug resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
The high levels of MDR Arcobacter detected from farms in both countries call for urgent attention and comprehensive strategies to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens.
PubMed: 38042805
DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00588-3 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2020Pathogenic bacteria in wastewater are generally considered to be efficiently removed in biological wastewater treatment plants. This understanding is almost solely based...
Pathogenic bacteria in wastewater are generally considered to be efficiently removed in biological wastewater treatment plants. This understanding is almost solely based on culture-based control measures, and here we show, by applying culture-independent methods, that the removal of species in the genus was less effective than for many other abundant genera in the influent wastewater. was one of the most abundant genera in influent wastewater at 14 municipal wastewater treatment plants and was also abundant in the "clean" effluent from all the plants, reaching up to 30% of all bacteria as analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Metagenomic analyses, culturing, genome sequencing of isolates, and visualization by fluorescent hybridization (FISH) confirmed the presence of the human-pathogenic and in both influent and effluent. The main reason for the high relative abundance in the effluent was probably that cells, compared to those of other abundant genera in the influent, did not flocculate and attach well to the activated sludge flocs, leaving a relatively large fraction dispersed in the water phase. The study shows there is an urgent need for new standardized culture-independent measurements of pathogens in effluent wastewaters, e.g., amplicon sequencing, and an investigation of the problem on a global scale to quantify the risk for humans and livestock. The genus was unexpectedly abundant in the effluent from 14 Danish wastewater treatment plants treating municipal wastewater, and the species included the human-pathogenic and Recent studies have shown that is common in wastewater worldwide, so the study indicates that discharge of members of the genus may be a global problem, and further studies are needed to quantify the risk and potentially minimize the discharge. The study also shows that culture-based analyses are insufficient for proper effluent quality control, and new standardized culture-independent measurements of effluent quality encompassing most pathogens should be considered.
Topics: Arcobacter; Denmark; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater
PubMed: 32111585
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03044-19 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2021Arcobacter spp colonize in human and animals intestine and cause food-associated infections. Hence, characterization of their virulence potential and health impacts is...
Arcobacter spp colonize in human and animals intestine and cause food-associated infections. Hence, characterization of their virulence potential and health impacts is required. Our subject was isolation and characterization of Arcobacter spp, from meat marketplaces. A total of 1297 fresh raw cattle meat samples were purchased randomly from various marketplaces in Baghdad, Iraq. One-hundred and twenty isolates were identified, including Arcobacter butzleri (A. butzleri n = 100) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (A. cryaerophilus n = 20). Susceptibility to antimicrobials was examined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Molecular investigation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors was also conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Most of A. butzleri were resistant to tetracycline (72%), amoxicillin (69%), erythromycin (67%) and cefoxitin (66%), while 33% and 6% of them were resistant to ceftazidime and carbapenems, respectively. All were susceptible to gentamicin, colistin and fosfomycin. Fifty-five and nine isolates of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were respectively multidrug-resistant (MDR). The existence of tetA, tetB, dfrA, sul1, bla and bla included 61%, 58%, 57%, 34%, 46% and 3%, respectively. The virulence genes cadF, irgA, tylA, cdtC and cdtA genes were detected in all the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates. While, ciaB mviN and pldA genes were respectively detected in 91%, 88% and 84% of A. butzleri and 97%, 93% and 87% of A. cryaerophilus isolates. There was a significant relation between MDR and existence of virulence genes. Existence of pathogenic and drug-resistant- Arcobacter spp in raw meat is a threat for human health, necessitating confirmation of quality and safety of meat products.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Cattle; Food Microbiology; Iraq; Meat; Meat Products; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33249163
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104649 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Apr 2017This work aimed to determine the presence of Arcobacter spp. in shellfish and to determine its susceptibility to quinolones. One hundred samples (41 mussels, 37 clams,...
This work aimed to determine the presence of Arcobacter spp. in shellfish and to determine its susceptibility to quinolones. One hundred samples (41 mussels, 37 clams, and 22 cockles) were purchased from different local retail shops in Valencia, Spain, from September 2013 to June 2015. All samples were analyzed simultaneously by culture, after an enrichment step, and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), directly and after enrichment. The susceptibility to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin of the isolates was tested using the disk-diffusion test and E-test strips method. To clarify the mechanism of quinolone resistance, a fragment of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA gene was sequenced. Thirty-seven samples were positive and 49 isolates were obtained by culture, and Arcobacter spp. DNA was detected in 32% of the samples by PCR. However, after 48-h enrichment, the number of positive samples increased, and 68 of the 100 samples yielded the specific Arcobacter spp. PCR product. In addition, 49 isolates were identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The most commonly found species was Arcobacter butzleri (25 isolates, 51.03%) followed by Arcobacter cryaerophilus (19 isolates, 38.77%) and Arcobacter defluvii (5 isolates, 10.20%). Only three isolates of A. butzleri were resistant to both antibiotics. A mutation C to T transition in the position 254 of the gyrA gene was present in the three resistant isolates. This study confirms that pathogenic arcobacters are frequently found in edible shellfish samples. Moreover, this is the first time that A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus have been isolated from cockles.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Bacterial Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Quinolones; Shellfish; Spain
PubMed: 28121468
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2202 -
International Journal of Food... Oct 2014In this study, the presence of Arcobacter spp. was examined in cow milk (n=50), water buffalo (WB) milk (n=50) and fresh village cheese (n=50) samples. The 16S rDNA-RFLP...
In this study, the presence of Arcobacter spp. was examined in cow milk (n=50), water buffalo (WB) milk (n=50) and fresh village cheese (n=50) samples. The 16S rDNA-RFLP method was used for the identification of Arcobacter spp. The disc diffusion method was used to investigate the susceptibility of all strains identified to 18 different antimicrobial substances. The most commonly isolated Arcobacter species were found to be Arcobacter butzleri (38.89%), Arcobacter cryaerophilus (22.23%) and Arcobacter skirrowii (11.12%) in cow milk; A. cryaerophilus (33.33%), Arcobacter cibarius (20.83%) and A. butzleri (12.50%) in WB milk; and A. skirrowii (28.57%), A. butzleri (21.43%) and A. cryaerophilus (14.29%) in fresh village cheese. This is the first study to identify the presence of Arcobacter nitrofigilis, Arcobacter cloacae, Arcobacter halophilus, Arcobacter bivalviorum and A. cibarius species in analyzed samples. It was found that all of the A. cryaerophilus (n:16) isolates were resistant to cefoperazone, cloxacillin and penicillin G; all of the A. skirrowii (n:12) and A. butzleri (n:10) isolates were resistant to cefoperazone, tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin, cloxacillin and penicillin G. It was concluded that cow milk, WB milk and fresh village cheese samples are an important source of Arcobacter species and pose a risk to public health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Arcobacter; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cheese; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Milk; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 25064812
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.006 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jun 2019In developing countries, many urban rivers are suffering from heavy contamination by untreated sewage, which implies great microbial risks. However, information...
In developing countries, many urban rivers are suffering from heavy contamination by untreated sewage, which implies great microbial risks. However, information regarding the bacterial pathogen diversity and distribution in urban rivers is highly limited. In this study, 41 water samples of fifteen rivers and eight samples from two sewage treatment plants in Changzhou City of Yangtze River Delta were sampled. Next-generation sequencing and a self-built reference pathogen database were used to investigate the diversity of enteric and environmental pathogens. The results indicated that the studied urban rivers were harboring diverse potential pathogen species, which primarily included enteric pathogens in Arcobacter and Bacteroides, and environmental pathogens in Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas. Quantification of twelve pathogens/indicators of interest by qPCR showed that Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Aeromonas spp. were abundant, with median values ranging from 3.30 to 5.85 log copies/100 mL, while Salmonella, Legionella pheumophila, Mycobacterium avium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were infrequently quantified. The pollution of nutrients and human intestinal microorganisms indicated by specific markers were found to be prevalent but with different levels in the rivers. The correlation analyses revealed that the diversity (p < 0.01) and concentrations (p < 0.05) of the enteric pathogens highly correlated to the human fecal marker abundances, which indicated that the enteric pathogens in the urban rivers were likely to have originated from domestic sewage. The environmental pathogens, which are different from the enteric ones, showed various distribution patterns, and some of them were more abundant in the rivers of rich nutrient. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial pathogen distribution and influencing factors in urban rivers that are impacted by domestic sewage, thereby establishing the foundation for urban water management.
Topics: Bacteria; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Escherichia coli; Feces; Humans; Rivers; Sewage; Water; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution
PubMed: 30877966
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.094