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Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2017Saliva substitutes and/or lubricants are commonly employed to lessen dry mouth symptoms by stimulating and/or substituting for the secretion of saliva. In this study, a...
Saliva substitutes and/or lubricants are commonly employed to lessen dry mouth symptoms by stimulating and/or substituting for the secretion of saliva. In this study, a novel artificial saliva containing inorganic salts, including sodium chloride and potassium chloride, and bactericidal agents, including potassium thiocyanate and lactoperoxidase, was formulated in the form of a solution (DM-sol) or gel (DM-gel). Those in vivo therapeutic efficacies were assessed in terms of saliva secretion and anti-inflammatory activity in rats and mice, respectively. Salivary secretion was promoted by mucosal application of DM-formulations in normal rats. In particular, DM-gel resulted in 2.5- and 1.9-fold greater salivary flow rates compared to normal saline and DM-sol, respectively. In an in vivo efficacy evaluation in diabetic mice with salivary hypofunction, repeated application of DM-formulations alleviated histopathological changes in the buccal mucosa in terms of atrophy and thinning of the epithelium, compared to vehicle, after 4 weeks. Moreover, the DM-sol and DM-gel were comparably effective for relieving periodontal gingivitis, reducing infiltration of inflammatory cells, and normalizing the neutrophil level in the gingival gingiva, after 4 weeks. Therefore, the novel artificial saliva is expected to facilitate salivary secretion and restore physiological conditions in the mouth of patients with salivary hypofunction.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Female; Gingivitis; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Saliva, Artificial; Salivary Glands; Xerostomia
PubMed: 28138222
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S121254 -
Viruses May 2022Surface to hand transfer of viruses represents a potential mechanism for human exposure. An experimental process for evaluating the touch transfer of aerosol-deposited...
Surface to hand transfer of viruses represents a potential mechanism for human exposure. An experimental process for evaluating the touch transfer of aerosol-deposited material is described based on controlling surface, tribological, and soft matter components of the transfer process. A range of high-touch surfaces were evaluated. Under standardized touch parameters (15 N, 1 s), relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere around the contact transfer event significantly influenced transfer of material to the finger-pad. At RH < 40%, transfer from all surfaces was <10%. Transfer efficiency increased markedly as RH increased, reaching a maximum of approximately 50%. The quantity of material transferred at specific RHs above 40% was also dependent on roughness of the surface material and the properties of the aerosol-deposited material. Smooth surfaces, such as melamine and stainless steel, generated higher transfer efficiencies compared to those with textured roughness, such as ABS pinseal and KYDEX® plastics. Pooled human saliva was transferred at a lower rate compared to artificial saliva, indicating the role of rheological properties. The artificial saliva data were modeled by non-linear regression and the impact of environmental humidity and temperature were evaluated within a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model using SARS-CoV-2 as an example. This illustrated that the trade-off between transfer efficiency and virus survival may lead to the highest risks of fomite transmissions in indoor environments with higher humidity.
Topics: Aerosols; COVID-19; Humans; Humidity; SARS-CoV-2; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Viruses
PubMed: 35632793
DOI: 10.3390/v14051048 -
The American Journal of Forensic... Mar 2024Spit hoods are used by law enforcement, officers in correctional facilities, and medical personnel during the restraint of agitated subjects that are actively spitting...
Spit hoods are used by law enforcement, officers in correctional facilities, and medical personnel during the restraint of agitated subjects that are actively spitting to prevent the transmission of droplet-transmitted pathogens. We could find no studies reporting on the time course of normal breathing to clear saliva from such a saturated spit hood. We purchased samples of 3 popular spit hood models and applied a section over the output of a pneumatic test system. We used a digital anemometer, digital manometer, and an inline controllable fan for back pressure and flow. The pressure was 3 mm Hg to match quiet breathing. The tested area was saturated with artificial saliva, and air pressure was applied while we recorded the pressure and airflow. Within 5 seconds, the spit hoods all cleared sufficient artificial saliva to allow 1 m/s of airflow, which exceeds that of an N95 mask with similar pressure. Commonly used spit hoods offer very low resistance to breathing even after being initially saturated with artificial saliva. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a saliva-filled spit hood might contribute to death.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Air Movements; Ventilation
PubMed: 37589602
DOI: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000877 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2021To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of gel-based artificial saliva on Candida colonization and saliva properties in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of an edible artificial saliva gel, oral moisturizing jelly (OMJ), and a topical commercial gel (GC dry mouth gel) on Candida colonization and saliva properties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was a secondary analysis of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in xerostomic post-radiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. Candida colonization, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), saliva pH, and buffering capacity (BC) were measured at 0, 1, and 2 months after each intervention. Candida colonization was quantified by colony counts and species identified by Candida Chromagar, polymerase chain reaction, and API 20C AUX system. Statistical significance level was 0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 56 participants in OMJ (N = 30) and GC (N = 26) groups completed the study. OMJ significantly increased saliva pH (p = 0.042) and BC (p = 0.013) after 1-month use, while GC only improved saliva pH (p = 0.027). Both interventions tended to increase SSFR but only GC had a significant increase at 2 months (p = 0.015). GC and OMJ significantly decreased the number of Candida species at 1 and 2 months, respectively. Both groups tended to reduce Candida counts but not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
Both OMJ and GC saliva gels could improve saliva pH and decrease the number of Candida species. OMJ is superior to GC in its buffering capacity, while GC may better improve salivary flow rate. Long-term and large-scale study is warranted to test the efficacy of artificial saliva in oral health improvement.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
OMJ and GC gel could decrease the number of Candida species and improve saliva properties in post-radiation xerostomic patients.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03035825. Date of registration: 25th January 2017.
Topics: Candida; Gels; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia
PubMed: 32779011
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03484-1 -
Journal of Dentistry Mar 2022To prepare experimental composites with bioactive glass (BG) and investigate their release of calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO), and fluoride (F), as well as pH changes and...
OBJECTIVES
To prepare experimental composites with bioactive glass (BG) and investigate their release of calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO), and fluoride (F), as well as pH changes and apatite precipitation after immersion.
METHODS
Experimental composites were prepared with 0, 10, or 20 wt% of either BG 45S5 or a customized low-Na F-containing BG. Three commercial ion-releasing materials were used for reference. Material specimens were immersed in lactic acid (pH = 4.0) and artificial saliva (pH = 6.4). Ion concentrations (atomic absorption spectrometry for Ca, UV-vis spectrometry for PO, and ion-selective electrode for F) and pH were measured after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 days. After immersion, composite specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
RESULTS
Material-dependent concentrations of Ca, PO, and F were measured in the lactic acid solution, while a decrease of Ca and PO concentrations was observed in artificial saliva. The uptake of ions from artificial saliva indicates their precipitation on specimen surfaces, which was supported by the results of SEM and FTIR investigations. In experimental composites functionalized with both bioactive glass types and a commercial "alkasite" material, apatite was precipitated not only in artificial saliva but also in the lactic acid solution.
CONCLUSIONS
Experimental BG-containing composites and selected commercial restorative materials demonstrated the potential for releasing multiple ion types and increasing pH.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The observed effects can be beneficial for preventing demineralization and promoting remineralization of dental hard tissues, while apatite precipitation can additionally help in sealing marginal discontinuities.
Topics: Composite Resins; Durapatite; Fluorides; Glass; Materials Testing; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 35026355
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.103950 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Jul 2022The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a multifunctional adhesive via dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium...
Novel bioactive adhesive containing dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate and calcium phosphate nanoparticles to inhibit metalloproteinases and nanoleakage with three months of aging in artificial saliva.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a multifunctional adhesive via dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP); and (2) investigate its ability to provide metalloproteinases (MMPs) deactivation and remineralization for long-term dentin bonding durability.
METHODS
DMAHDM and NACP were incorporated into Adper™ Single Bond 2 Adhesive (SB2) at mass fractions of 5% and 20%, respectively. Degree of conversion and contact angle were measured. Endogenous MMP activity of the demineralized dentin beams, Masson's trichrome staining, nano-indentation, microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage analyses were investigated after 24 h and 3 months of storage aging in artificial saliva.
RESULTS
Adding DMAHDM and NACP did not compromise the degree of conversion and contact angle of SB2 (p > 0.05). DMAHDM and NACP incorporation reduced the endogenous MMP activity by 53 %, facilitated remineralization, and increased the Young's modulus of hybrid layer by 49 % after 3 months of aging in artificial saliva, compared to control. For SB2 Control, the dentin bond strength decreased by 38 %, with greater nanoleakage expression, after 3 months of aging (p < 0.05). However, DMAHDM+NACP group showed no loss in bond strength, with much less nanoleakage, after 3 months of aging (p > 0.05).
SIGNIFICANCE
DMAHDM+NACP adhesive greatly reduced MMP-degradation activity in demineralized dentin, induced remineralization at adhesive-dentin interface, and maintained the dentin bond strength after aging, without adversely affecting polymerization and dentin wettability. This new adhesive has great potential to help eliminate secondary caries, prevent hybrid layer degradation, and increase the resin-dentin bond longevity.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Calcium Phosphates; Dental Cements; Dentin; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Methacrylates; Methylamines; Nanoparticles; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 35718597
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.017 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Sep 2015Yeasts of the genera Candida and Saccharomyces are opportunist pathogens and cause oral lesions, especially in immunocompromised patients. This study assessed yeasts...
Yeasts of the genera Candida and Saccharomyces are opportunist pathogens and cause oral lesions, especially in immunocompromised patients. This study assessed yeasts isolated from chronic kidney patients undergoing haemodialysis for their adhesion capacity, biofilm formation and susceptibility to antifungal agents. Ten isolates of Candida spp. and one isolate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for adhesion to buccal epithelial cells (BECs), adhesion and formation of biofilm in artificial saliva and their susceptibility profile to antifungal agents. Adhesion and biofilm formation were undertaken in polystyrene plates with artificial saliva, whilst susceptibility to antifungal agents was evaluated by broth microdilution. Candida parapsilosis had the highest adhesion index in BECs (154.55 ± 22.13) and Candida rugosa was the species with the highest adhesion capacity (18 398 Abs cm(-2)) in abiotic surface with artificial saliva. Candida albicans provided the greatest biofilm formation (2035 Abs cm(-2) ± 0.09) but was revealed to be susceptible to the five antifungal agents under analysis. However, some non-albicans Candida isolates showed a lower susceptibility for the antifungal agents itraconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. All of the species were sensitive to amphotericin B and nystatin. The current analysis showed that yeasts isolated from the mouth of chronic kidney patients undergoing haemodialysis varied significantly with regard to their capacity for adherence, biofilm formation and susceptibility to antifungal agents, underscoring the high virulence of non-albicans Candida species.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida; Cell Adhesion; Humans; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 26297016
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000122 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Feb 2022The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of filler content, degradation media and time on the mechanical properties of different dental composites after in...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of filler content, degradation media and time on the mechanical properties of different dental composites after in vitro aging.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimens (1 mm) of three commercially available composites (GrandioSO®, Arabesk Top®, Arabesk Flow®) with respect to their filler content were stored in artificial aging media: artificial saliva, ethanol (60%), lactic acid (pH 5) and citric acid (pH 5). Parameters (Vickers microhardness, compressive strength, elastic modulus, water sorption and solubility) were determined in their initial state (control group, n = 3 for microhardness, n = 5 for the other parameters) and after 14, 30, 90 and 180 days (n = 3 for microhardness, n = 5 for the other parameters for each composite group, time point and media). Specimens were also characterized with dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis (compression tests, F = ± 7 N; f = 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz and 3.3 Hz; t = 0-170 °C).
RESULTS
Incorporation of fillers with more than 80 w% leads to significantly better mechanical properties under static and dynamic compression tests and a better water sorption behavior, even after chemical degradation. The influence of degradation media and time is of subordinate importance for chemical degradation.
CONCLUSION
Although the investigated composites have a similar matrix, they showed different degradation behavior. Since dentine and enamel occur only in small layer thickness, a test specimen geometry with very small dimensions is recommended for direct comparison. Moreover, the use of compression tests to determine the mechanical parameters for the development of structure-compatible and functionally adapted composites makes sense as an additional standard. Clinical relevance Preferential use of highly filled composites for occlusal fillings is recommended.
Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Materials; Elastic Modulus; Hardness; Materials Testing; Saliva, Artificial; Stress, Mechanical; Surface Properties
PubMed: 34453210
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04122-0 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2022Titanium has always been the material of choice for dental implants. The present study was conducted to assess effect of fluoride on titanium dental implants.
BACKGROUND
Titanium has always been the material of choice for dental implants. The present study was conducted to assess effect of fluoride on titanium dental implants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty samples of pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V were tested in an electrochemical cell.
RESULTS
Ecorr/V of titanium implant in artificial saliva was -0.42, and in artificial saliva, +0.25% NaF was -0.63. Ecorr/V of Ti-6Al-4V in artificial saliva was -0.56 and in artificial saliva +0.25% NaF was -0.60.
CONCLUSION
There was significant effect of fluoride on titanium implants in terms of corrosion.
PubMed: 36110770
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_2_22 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Dec 2023This study aims to incorporate alginate microparticles containing berberine and fluconazole into two different types of pharmaceutical formulations, to subsequently...
AIM
This study aims to incorporate alginate microparticles containing berberine and fluconazole into two different types of pharmaceutical formulations, to subsequently evaluate the antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Alginate microparticles containing BBR (berberine) and FLU (fluconazole) were produced by the spray-drying technique, characterized and incorporated in two pharmaceutical formulations, a vaginal cream and artificial saliva. Broth microdilution, checkerboard, time-kill curve, and scanning electron microscopy were carried out to determine the antifungal effects of BBR and FLU against C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of free BBR were 125 μg ml-1. Synergism between BBR and FLU was demonstrated by a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) = 0.0762. The time-kill curve for the combination BBR + FLU showed a more pronounced decrease in fungal growth in comparison to free drugs, and an antibiofilm effect of BBR occurred in the formation and preformed biofilm.
CONCLUSION
Alginate microparticles containing BBR and FLU were obtained and incorporated in a vaginal cream and artificial saliva. Both formulations showed good stability, antifungal effects, and organoleptic characteristics, which suggest that BBR-FLU microparticles in formulations have potential as antifungal therapy.
Topics: Humans; Female; Fluconazole; Antifungal Agents; Berberine; Saliva, Artificial; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies; Candidiasis; Candida albicans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Alginates; Drug Synergism; Drug Resistance, Fungal
PubMed: 38040656
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad291