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Clinical Oral Investigations Jun 2016Artificial saliva is widely used to overcome reduced natural salivary flow. Natural saliva provokes the expression of chemokines in oral fibroblasts in vitro. However,...
OBJECTIVES
Artificial saliva is widely used to overcome reduced natural salivary flow. Natural saliva provokes the expression of chemokines in oral fibroblasts in vitro. However, if artificial saliva changes the expression of chemokines remains unknown.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Here, we investigated the ability of Saliva Orthana®, Aldiamed®, Glandosane®, and Saliva Natura® to change the expression of chemokines in human oral fibroblasts and the human oral epithelial cell line HSC-2 by means of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoassays. Mucins isolated from bovine submaxillary glands and recombinant human mucin 1 were included in the bioassay. Formazan formation and LIVE/DEAD® staining determined the impact of artificial saliva on cell viability. The involvement of signaling pathways was determined by pharmacologic inhibitors and Western blotting.
RESULTS
In gingival fibroblasts, Saliva Orthana®-containing mucins provoked a significantly increased expression of CXC ligand 8 (CXCL8, or interleukin 8), CXCL1, and CXCL2. Immunoassays for CXCL8 and CXCL1 confirmed the translation at the protein level. The respective dilution of artificial saliva had no impact on formazan formation and LIVE/DEAD® staining. Mucins isolated from bovine submaxillary glands also increased the panel of chemokine expression in gingival fibroblasts. BAY 11-7082, a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inhibitor, but also TAK-242, an inhibitor of toll-like receptor 4 signaling, blocked chemokine expression of Saliva Orthana® and bovine mucins. In HSC-2 cells, Glandosane® significantly increased CXCL8 expression.
CONCLUSIONS
Saliva Orthana® stimulated chemokine expression in gingival fibroblasts. Mammalian mucins, but also possible contaminations with endotoxins, might contribute to the respective changes in gene expression. Epithelial cells have a differential response to artificial saliva with Glandosane® changing CXCL8 expression.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Artificial saliva can incite a cellular response, if however the changing expression of chemokines by isolated fibroblasts and epithelial cells in vitro translates into a clinical condition, is not clear.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cattle; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Chemokines; Epithelial Cells; Fibroblasts; Gingiva; Humans; Mucins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Saliva, Artificial; Staining and Labeling; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 26342602
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1582-5 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021Additive manufacturing of polymers has evolved from rapid prototyping to the production of functional components/parts with applications in distinct areas, ranging from...
Additive manufacturing of polymers has evolved from rapid prototyping to the production of functional components/parts with applications in distinct areas, ranging from health to aeronautics. The possibility of producing complex customized geometries with less environmental impact is one of the critical factors that leveraged the exponential growth of this processing technology. Among the several processing parameters that influence the properties of the parts, the geometry (shape factor) is amid less reported. Considering the geometric complexity of the mouth, including the uniqueness of each teething, this study can contribute to a better understanding of the performance of polymeric devices used in the oral environment for preventive, restorative, and regenerative therapies. Thus, this work aims to evaluate 3D printed poly(ε-caprolactone) mechanical properties with different build orientations and geometries. Longitudinal and transversal toolpaths produced specimens with parallelepiped and tubular geometry. Moreover, as it is intended to develop devices for dentistry, the influence of artificial saliva on mechanical properties was determined. The research concluded that the best mechanical properties are obtained for parallelepiped geometry with a longitudinal impression and that aging in artificial saliva negatively influences all the mechanical properties evaluated in this study.
PubMed: 34208779
DOI: 10.3390/ma14123335 -
BMC Oral Health Sep 2023This present study assesses changes in the pH as well as the metal ions that fake braces release into artificial saliva (AS) using a pH meter and inductively coupled...
BACKGROUND
This present study assesses changes in the pH as well as the metal ions that fake braces release into artificial saliva (AS) using a pH meter and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), respectively.
METHODS
Three sets of fake archwires (AWs) and brackets (Bs) as well as a set of controls were immersed in AS and placed in an incubator shaker at 50 rpm and 37°C. At Days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28, the pH of the AS medium was measured and 3.0 ml of AS was collected and stored at -20°C for elemental analysis.
RESULTS
Significant changes in pH were observed on Days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 in the AS of the AW group. However, these changes were only observed in the B group on Days 0 and 7. The fake samples released a large quantity of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) ions, at concentrations exceeding 100 mg/L, post-28 days of immersion. The control and fake braces samples released other ions; such as lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and aluminium (Al); at concentrations that did not exceed 10 mg/L.
CONCLUSIONS
The pH of the AS of all the samples increased post-incubation. Only 10 ions; namely, Na, Li, K, Mg, Ca, Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Al; were detected in the AS.
Topics: Humans; Orthodontic Brackets; Saliva, Artificial; Lead; Aluminum; Chromium; Ions; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 37717000
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03339-7 -
International Orthodontics Mar 2018The study was aimed to assess the effect of different pH and immersion time on the amount of nickel release from simulated orthodontic appliance of 3M Unitek company.
AIM
The study was aimed to assess the effect of different pH and immersion time on the amount of nickel release from simulated orthodontic appliance of 3M Unitek company.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Nickel ion release was evaluated after subjecting the brackets to the simulated artificial oral environment. In this study, 90 stainless steel brackets of 3M Unitek Company were tested by immersing them in artificial saliva of pH 4.2, pH 6.5 and pH 7.6 for a time interval of 1hour, 1 week and 1 month (T1 - 1h, T2 - 7 days, T3 - 30 days) respectively. The data was subjected for the one-way ANOVA and the post-hoc test for the statistical comparison.
RESULTS
Means of 2.99±0.77, 9.53±4.26 and 12.65±2 .52 ppb (parts per billion by volume) of nickel were released for 4.2 pH at a time interval of 1hour, 7 days and 1 month respectively. Means of 5.37±2.26, 10.94±1.51 and 16.92±1.69 ppb of nickel were released for 6.5 pH at a time interval of 1hour, 7 days and 1 month respectively. A mean of 2.13±0.92, 0.74±0.54 and 18.83±1.02 ppb of nickel was released for 7.6 pH at a time interval of 1 hr, 7 days and 1 month respectively.
CONCLUSION
pH of the artificial saliva significantly affected the amount of nickel release. Acidic pH was found to increase the amount of nickel release in the artificial saliva. Time duration of bracket immersion significantly affected the amount of nickel release.
Topics: Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Materials Testing; Nickel; Orthodontic Brackets; Orthodontic Wires; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 29478935
DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2018.01.025 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutical... Aug 2024The prevalence of xerostomia, the sensation of dry mouth, is estimated at 20 % in the general population and up to 50 % in older adults. Saliva plays different roles...
The prevalence of xerostomia, the sensation of dry mouth, is estimated at 20 % in the general population and up to 50 % in older adults. Saliva plays different roles during bolus formation: lubrication, mixing, coating, hydration, dissolution, and comminution of food particles. This study proposes and tests artificial saliva formulations mimicking human saliva rheological and sensory perceptions. Shear and extensional rheology were assessed to select the type of formulation closest to saliva rheological characteristics. After evaluating three alternative sources, an extract simulating saliva rheology was produced from flax seeds. Friction coefficient and rheological properties, such as flow curves, relaxation times, and Trouton ratios, were compared favorably with human saliva. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that flaxseed extracts induce perceived mouth hydration, slipperiness, and adhesion exceeding that of human saliva. The flaxseed extract proposed in this can i) be used to study in vitro food oral processing and ii) pave the way to novel natural salivary substitutes to alleviate the symptoms of xerostomia.
Topics: Rheology; Humans; Saliva; Flax; Saliva, Artificial; Plant Extracts; Female; Adult; Male; Xerostomia; Seeds; Young Adult
PubMed: 38763449
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106802 -
Materials Science & Engineering. C,... Aug 2020A thermo-responsive injectable bioactive glass (BAG) that has the ability to set at body temperature was prepared using pluronic F127 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose...
A thermo-responsive injectable bioactive glass (BAG) that has the ability to set at body temperature was prepared using pluronic F127 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the carrier. The injectable composite has the advantage to fill irregular shape implantation sites and quick setting at body temperature. The structural and morphological analysis of injectable BAG before and after setting was done by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The effect of an ultrasonic scaler for a quick setting of injectable BAG was also investigated. The ultrasonic scaler sets the BAG formulation three-folds faster than at body temperature and homogenized the dispersion. The in vitro bio-adhesion was studied in the bovine tooth in both artificial saliva and deionized water for periodic time intervals, i.e., day 7, 30, 90, and 180, which confirmed the apatite layer formation. The mineral density analysis was used to differentiate the newly formed apatite with tooth apatite. In the MTT assay, the experimental material showed continuous proliferation and cell growth. This indicated that injectable hydrogel promoted cell growth, facilitated proliferation, and had no cytotoxic effect. The SEM and micro-CT results (performed after in vitro bioactivity testing) showed that the injectable BAG had the ability to regenerate dentin, hence this material has the potential to be used for dental and biomedical applications including tooth and bone regeneration in minimally invasive procedures in future.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Ceramics; Dental Implants; Dentin; Glass; Mice; Nanoparticles; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 32487378
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110956 -
Biofouling Sep 2017The aim of this systematic review is to characterize and discuss key methodological aspects of in vitro biofilm models for caries-related research and to verify the... (Review)
Review
The aim of this systematic review is to characterize and discuss key methodological aspects of in vitro biofilm models for caries-related research and to verify the reproducibility and dose-response of models considering the response to anti-caries and/or antimicrobial substances. Inclusion criteria were divided into Part I (PI): an in vitro biofilm model that produces a cariogenic biofilm and/or caries-like lesions and allows pH fluctuations; and Part II (PII): models showing an effect of anti-caries and/or antimicrobial substances. Within PI, 72.9% consisted of dynamic biofilm models, while 27.1% consisted of batch models. Within PII, 75.5% corresponded to dynamic models, whereas 24.5% corresponded to batch models. Respectively, 20.4 and 14.3% of the studies reported dose-response validations and reproducibility, and 32.7% were classified as having a high risk of bias. Several in vitro biofilm models are available for caries-related research; however, most models lack validation by dose-response and reproducibility experiments for each proposed protocol.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Models, Biological; Reproducibility of Results; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 28792234
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1354248 -
Journal of Oral Science Oct 2022This study evaluated the association of surface degradation and formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm in resin-based composites (RBCs) after storage in...
PURPOSE
This study evaluated the association of surface degradation and formation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm in resin-based composites (RBCs) after storage in different acidic liquids.
METHODS
To evaluate microhardness and surface micromorphology, hybrid and nanohybrid RBC discs were stored in artificial gastric acid, cola drink, orange juice, artificial saliva, and distilled water for three intervals of 15 min per day for 7, 15, and 30 days. After 30 days of storage, surface roughness was analyzed, and the RBC discs were placed in a biofilm reactor inoculated with S. mutans to evaluate surface biofilm formation.
RESULTS
As compared with nanohybrid RBCs, roughness and surface microhardness values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for hybrid RBCs stored in artificial gastric acid, followed by specimens stored in cola drink and orange juice. Artificial gastric acid caused greater surface degradation, which increased the biomass of S. mutans on the surface of both RBC types.
CONCLUSION
Surface degradation of hybrid and nanohybrid RBCs correlated with the pH of the liquid, while S. mutans biofilm formation was associated with increased surface roughness in hybrid RBCs.
Topics: Biofilms; Composite Resins; Dental Materials; Immersion; Materials Testing; Saliva, Artificial; Streptococcus mutans; Surface Properties; Water
PubMed: 35989296
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0085 -
Dental Materials Journal Jun 2020This study aimed to evaluate the effects of artificial saliva contamination on a glass ionomer cement (GIC), a resin-modified GIC (RMGIC), and a composite resin (CR)...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of artificial saliva contamination on a glass ionomer cement (GIC), a resin-modified GIC (RMGIC), and a composite resin (CR) that was used with two different etching adhesive systems. Three surface conditions were created on bovine teeth using artificial saliva: control (group I), mild saliva contamination (group II), and severe saliva contamination (group III). The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of CR with dentin was significantly lower in group III than in group I. However, the μTBS of GIC and RMGIC with both enamel and dentin showed no significant intergroup differences. Moreover, CR exhibited significantly greater microleakage on cementum in group III than in group I, whereas both GIC and RMGIC showed no significant differences for both enamel and cementum. Thus, GIC and RMGIC may be suitable for preventing secondary caries after class V restorative treatments when contamination by saliva cannot be avoided.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Leakage; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin; Glass Ionomer Cements; Materials Testing; Resin Cements; Saliva, Artificial
PubMed: 31969546
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-032 -
Biofouling Aug 2022The effect of different artificial saliva formulations on biofilm activity and viability, and on enamel demineralization for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients was...
Effect of experimental and commercial artificial saliva formulations on the activity and viability of microcosm biofilm and on enamel demineralization for irradiated patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).
The effect of different artificial saliva formulations on biofilm activity and viability, and on enamel demineralization for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients was evaluated. Irradiated enamel samples were treated (1 min) with BioXtra® or with experimental formulations containing carboxymethylcellulose plus inorganic constituents alone (AS) or containing 0.1 mg mL CaneCPI-5 (AS + Cane), 1.0 mg mL hemoglobin (AS + Hb) or combination of both (AS + Cane + Hb). Phosphate-buffered-saline and chlorhexidine (0.12%) were negative and positive control, respectively. Biofilm was produced from the saliva of five male HNC patients, under 0.2% sucrose exposure for 5 days, and daily treated with the formulations (1 min). No significant effects were observed for the different experimental treatments. BioXtra significantly reduced lactobacilli, demonstrating antibacterial potential for this group. Chlorhexidine was an effective treatment to significantly reduce all parameters, being an important antimicrobial and anticaries agent. Future studies must be performed using a new approach for the design of the experimental formulations.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Caries; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Phosphates; Saliva; Saliva, Artificial; Sucrose; Tooth Demineralization
PubMed: 36154759
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2111258