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Science China. Life Sciences May 2020African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease in swine that is severely threatening the global pig industry. An efficacious vaccine is urgently required....
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease in swine that is severely threatening the global pig industry. An efficacious vaccine is urgently required. Here, we used the Chinese ASFV HLJ/18 as a backbone and generated a series of gene-deleted viruses. The virulence, immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy evaluation in specific-pathogen-free pigs, commercial pigs, and pregnant sows indicated that one virus, namely HLJ/18-7GD, which has seven genes deleted, is fully attenuated in pigs, cannot convert to the virulent strain, and provides complete protection of pigs against lethal ASFV challenge. Our study shows that HLJ/-18-7GD is a safe and effective vaccine against ASFV, and as such is expected to play an important role in controlling the spread of ASFV.
Topics: African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Gene Deletion; Genome, Viral; Humans; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Proteins; Viral Vaccines; Virulence
PubMed: 32124180
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1657-9 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014The attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has many properties favoring its use in polio eradication: ease of administration, efficient induction of intestinal... (Review)
Review
The attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has many properties favoring its use in polio eradication: ease of administration, efficient induction of intestinal immunity, induction of durable humoral immunity, and low cost. Despite these advantages, OPV has the disadvantage of genetic instability, resulting in rare and sporadic cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and the emergence of genetically divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Whereas VAPP is an adverse event following exposure to OPV, VDPVs are polioviruses whose genetic properties indicate prolonged replication or transmission. Three categories of VDPVs are recognized: (1) circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) from outbreaks in settings of low OPV coverage, (2) immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) from individuals with primary immunodeficiencies, and (3) ambiguous VDPVs (aVDPVs), which cannot be definitively assigned to either of the first 2 categories. Because most VDPVs are type 2, the World Health Organization's plans call for coordinated worldwide replacement of trivalent OPV with bivalent OPV containing poliovirus types 1 and 3.
Topics: Genotype; Humans; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccines, Attenuated; Virulence; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 25316847
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu295 -
Trends in Microbiology Jan 2018Genetic engineering now enables the design of live viral vaccines that are potentially transmissible. Some designs merely modify a single viral genome to improve on the... (Review)
Review
Genetic engineering now enables the design of live viral vaccines that are potentially transmissible. Some designs merely modify a single viral genome to improve on the age-old method of attenuation whereas other designs create chimeras of viral genomes. Transmission has the benefit of increasing herd immunity above that achieved by direct vaccination alone but also increases the opportunity for vaccine evolution, which typically undermines vaccine utility. Different designs have different epidemiological consequences but also experience different evolution. Approaches that integrate vaccine engineering with an understanding of evolution and epidemiology will reap the greatest benefit from vaccine transmission.
Topics: Communicable Disease Control; Cross Reactions; Disease Eradication; Epidemiology; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Immunity, Herd; Models, Theoretical; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Vaccines; Viruses
PubMed: 29033339
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.007 -
Cell Host & Microbe Apr 2018One outcome of the many advances in basic sciences that have been made over the last decades is the prospect of rational vaccine design. A recent publication by Du...
One outcome of the many advances in basic sciences that have been made over the last decades is the prospect of rational vaccine design. A recent publication by Du et al. (2018) describes a screening method for selection of live-attenuated viral vaccine platforms with enhanced immune-stimulatory properties.
Topics: Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 29649438
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.03.017 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2018Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the first and only human herpesvirus for which a licensed live attenuated vaccine, vOka, has been developed. vOka has highly safe and... (Review)
Review
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the first and only human herpesvirus for which a licensed live attenuated vaccine, vOka, has been developed. vOka has highly safe and effective profiles; however, worldwide herd immunity against VZV has not yet been established and it is far from eradication. Despite the successful reduction in the burden of VZV-related illness by the introduction of the vaccine, some concerns about vOka critically prevent worldwide acceptance and establishment of herd immunity, and difficulties in addressing these criticisms often relate to its ill-defined mechanism of attenuation. Advances in scientific technologies have been applied in the VZV research field and have contributed toward uncovering the mechanism of vOka attenuation as well as VZV biology at the molecular level. A subunit vaccine targeting single VZV glycoprotein, rationally designed based on the virological and immunological research, has great potential to improve the strategy for eradication of VZV infection in combination with vOka.
Topics: Animals; Drug Design; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus Vaccines; Humans; Vaccines, Attenuated; Varicella Zoster Virus Infection
PubMed: 29896666
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_7 -
Current Rheumatology Reports May 2020Several biologic drugs are available for treatment of immune-mediated diseases, and the number of children treated with biologics is increasing. This review summarises... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Several biologic drugs are available for treatment of immune-mediated diseases, and the number of children treated with biologics is increasing. This review summarises current knowledge about the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines in children treated with biologic therapy.
RECENT FINDINGS
A recent retrospective, multicentre study reported that the booster dose of live-attenuated vaccine (MMR/V) was safe for patients with rheumatic diseases treated with biologic therapy. Recent publications revealed that immunogenicity of vaccines in children treated with biologics was lower than in the healthy population, especially on long-term follow-up. Children treated with biologic therapy are at greater danger of infections, compared to the healthy population. Therefore, they should be vaccinated according to national guidelines. Regardless of the therapy, non-live vaccines are recommended. However, it is common practice to advise postponing vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines in children while they are on immunosuppressive therapy. Newly published data suggest that booster dose MMR/V is safe for children treated with biologic therapy.
Topics: Biological Products; Child; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Rheumatic Diseases; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 32436130
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00905-8 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2015Cold-adapted Ann Arbor based live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been available in the USA since 2003. The vaccine is efficacious against influenza infection.... (Review)
Review
Cold-adapted Ann Arbor based live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been available in the USA since 2003. The vaccine is efficacious against influenza infection. Features of LAIV include: easy administration suitable for mass immunization, cross-reactivity to drifted strains for broader coverage, and establishment of herd immunity for control of influenza spread. Annual seasonal LAIV now contains four strains against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata lineages that are co-circulating in humans. LAIV played a significant role in protecting the public from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and has been evaluated for pandemic preparedness. Pandemic vaccines including influenza H2, H5, H6, H7, and H9 subtypes have been produced and evaluated in preclinical and small-scale phase I clinical studies. This review summarizes the current status and perspectives of seasonal and pandemic LAIV.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Pandemics; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 25059893
DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_410 -
Science Translational Medicine Apr 2017A live attenuated Zika virus vaccine produces sterilizing immunity in mice.
A live attenuated Zika virus vaccine produces sterilizing immunity in mice.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 28446685
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan2785 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2019The alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening... (Review)
Review
The alarming rise of morbidity and mortality caused by influenza pandemics and epidemics has drawn attention worldwide since the last few decades. This life-threatening problem necessitates the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against incoming pandemics. The currently available flu vaccines rely on inactivated viral particles, M2e-based vaccine, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and virus like particle (VLP). While inactivated vaccines can only induce systemic humoral responses, LAIV and VLP vaccines stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet, these vaccines have limited protection against newly emerging viral strains. These strains, however, can be targeted by universal vaccines consisting of conserved viral proteins such as M2e and capable of inducing cross-reactive immune response. The lack of viral genome in VLP and M2e-based vaccines addresses safety concern associated with existing attenuated vaccines. With the emergence of new recombinant viral strains each year, additional effort towards developing improved universal vaccine is warranted. Besides various types of vaccines, microRNA and exosome-based vaccines have been emerged as new types of influenza vaccines which are associated with new and effective properties. Hence, development of a new generation of vaccines could contribute to better treatment of influenza.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Research; Cross Protection; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Immunity, Heterologous; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 30408280
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2014 -
Nature Jul 2023Vaccination with Sabin, a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), results in robust intestinal and humoral immunity and has been key to controlling poliomyelitis. As...
Vaccination with Sabin, a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), results in robust intestinal and humoral immunity and has been key to controlling poliomyelitis. As with any RNA virus, OPV evolves rapidly to lose attenuating determinants critical to the reacquisition of virulence resulting in vaccine-derived, virulent poliovirus variants. Circulation of these variants within underimmunized populations leads to further evolution of circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus with higher transmission capacity, representing a significant risk of polio re-emergence. A new type 2 OPV (nOPV2), with promising clinical data on genetic stability and immunogenicity, recently received authorization from the World Health Organization for use in response to circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks. Here we report the development of two additional live attenuated vaccine candidates against type 1 and 3 polioviruses. The candidates were generated by replacing the capsid coding region of nOPV2 with that from Sabin 1 or 3. These chimeric viruses show growth phenotypes similar to nOPV2 and immunogenicity comparable to their parental Sabin strains, but are more attenuated. Our experiments in mice and deep sequencing analysis confirmed that the candidates remain attenuated and preserve all the documented nOPV2 characteristics concerning genetic stability following accelerated virus evolution. Importantly, these vaccine candidates are highly immunogenic in mice as monovalent and multivalent formulations and may contribute to poliovirus eradication.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Disease Models, Animal; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccines, Attenuated; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 37316671
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06212-3