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Vaccine Apr 2016Vaccine-preventable diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients who undergo immunosuppression after transplantation.... (Review)
Review
Vaccine-preventable diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients who undergo immunosuppression after transplantation. The primary strategy for immunizing transplant recipients is to deliver all potential vaccines prior to transplantation. However, time constraints limit the number of vaccines that may be delivered. In such cases, the administration of live attenuated vaccines that are contraindicated after transplantation should be prioritized. Simultaneous vaccination is also encouraged to maximize the number of vaccines delivered. Immunity induced by both inactivated and live vaccines wane after transplantation. The limited but available evidence suggests that immunization using inactivated vaccines in transplant recipients is both effective and safe. An increasing number of studies also suggest that once patients are under minimal immunosuppression, live attenuated vaccines may be given effectively and safely. The need for serologic monitoring and booster immunizations remain issues for future research.
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Organ Transplantation; Transplant Recipients; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 26954107
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.001 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Dengue is the most common arboviral disease caused by one of four distinct but closely related dengue viruses (DENV) and places significant economic and public health... (Review)
Review
Dengue is the most common arboviral disease caused by one of four distinct but closely related dengue viruses (DENV) and places significant economic and public health burdens in the endemic areas. A dengue vaccine will be important in advancing disease control. However, the effort has been challenged by the requirement to induce effective protection against all four DENV serotypes and the potential adverse effect due to the phenomenon that partial immunity to DENV may worsen the symptoms upon subsequent heterotypic infection. Currently, the most advanced dengue vaccines are all tetravalent and based on recombinant live attenuated viruses. CYD-TDV, developed by Sanofi Pasteur, has been approved but is limited for use in individuals with prior dengue infection. Two other tetravalent live attenuated vaccine candidates: TAK-003 by Takeda and TV003 by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, have completed phase 3 and phase 2 clinical trials, respectively. This review focuses on the designs and evaluation of TAK-003 and TV003 vaccine candidates in humans in comparison to the licensed CYD-TDV vaccine. We highlight specific lessons from existing studies and challenges that must be overcome in order to develop a dengue vaccine that confers effective and balanced protection against all four DENV serotypes but with minimal adverse effects.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Dengue; Dengue Vaccines; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 35281026
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840104 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2016Changing epidemiology of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has led to an increased susceptibility of adolescents and adults to the infection. Vaccination can remarkably reduce the... (Review)
Review
Changing epidemiology of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has led to an increased susceptibility of adolescents and adults to the infection. Vaccination can remarkably reduce the incidence and associated morbidity of HAV infection. This review is focused on the safety and efficacy of H2 strain derived live attenuated Hepatitis A vaccine. We found the vaccine to be highly immunogenic with minimal or negligible safety issues. Moreover, a single dose of live attenuated vaccine persists a long term immune response and can be a preferred option for developing countries. In 2014, Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) also updated their recommendations for H2 vaccine as a single dose as against the previous 2 dose schedule. A focused approach to include the vaccine in national immunization program should be explored.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis A Vaccines; Humans; India; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 27532370
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1216286 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2016Live attenuated and killed whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) offer promising vaccination strategies against tuberculosis. A number of WCV candidates, based on recombinant... (Review)
Review
Live attenuated and killed whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) offer promising vaccination strategies against tuberculosis. A number of WCV candidates, based on recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or related mycobacterial species are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. In this review, we discuss the vaccine candidates and key factors shaping the development pathway for live and killed WCVs and provide an update on progress.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Mycobacterium; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 27247343
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw228 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Aug 2020Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Treponema pallidum are important pathogenic spirochetes. The incidence of human diseases caused by pathogenic... (Review)
Review
Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Treponema pallidum are important pathogenic spirochetes. The incidence of human diseases caused by pathogenic spirochetes, e.g., leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and syphilis, has been recently increased, posing a threat to public health. Mechanisms of spirochete pathogenicity are not yet fully understood, and no safe and effective vaccine to prevent and control the infection by pathogenic spirochetes is currently available. In this article, we review the progress of research into the pathogenic spirochete vaccine, mainly in terms of vaccine types. The development of relevant vaccines against pathogenic spirochetes has generally proceeded via several stages, such as the whole-cell inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, and gene-engineered vaccine, and will likely enter a new stage with the application of gene editing technology. In this review, we mainly summarized the types of pathogenic spirochete vaccines and conducted a preliminary analysis on the protective effect of immunity, and proposed a further prospect for the development of pathogenic spirochete vaccines.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Genetic Engineering; Spirochaetaceae; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 32272157
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.002 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), affects millions of people worldwide every year. This virus has two distinct life cycles, one in the human and another in the... (Review)
Review
Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), affects millions of people worldwide every year. This virus has two distinct life cycles, one in the human and another in the mosquito, and both cycles are crucial to be controlled. To control the vector of DENV, the mosquito , scientists employed many techniques, which were later proved ineffective and harmful in many ways. Consequently, the attention shifted to the development of a vaccine; researchers have targeted the E protein, a surface protein of the virus and the NS1 protein, an extracellular protein. There are several types of vaccines developed so far, such as live attenuated vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, viral vectored vaccines, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines. Along with these, scientists are exploring new strategies of developing improved version of the vaccine by employing recombinant DNA plasmid against NS1 and also aiming to prevent the infection by blocking the DENV life cycle inside the mosquitoes. Here, we discussed the aspects of research in the field of vaccines until now and identified some prospects for future vaccine developments.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Dengue Vaccines; Mosquito Vectors; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Vaccines, DNA; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 38487527
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362780 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jan 2018Conflicting reports have emerged about the effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine. The live attenuated influenza vaccine appears to protect particularly... (Review)
Review
Conflicting reports have emerged about the effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine. The live attenuated influenza vaccine appears to protect particularly poorly against currently circulating H1N1 viruses that are derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. During the 2015-16 influenza season, when pandemic H1N1 was the predominant virus, studies from the USA reported a complete lack of effectiveness of the live vaccine in children. This finding led to a crucial decision in the USA to recommend that the live vaccine not be used in 2016-17 and to switch to the inactivated influenza vaccine. Other countries, including the UK, Canada, and Finland, however, have continued to recommend the use of the live vaccine. This policy divergence and uncertainty has far reaching implications for the entire global community, given the importance of the production capabilities of the live attenuated influenza vaccine for pandemic preparedness. In this Personal View, we discuss possible explanations for the observed reduced effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine and highlight the underpinning scientific questions. Further research to understand the reasons for these observations is essential to enable informed public health policy and commercial decisions about vaccine production and development in coming years.
Topics: Global Health; Health Policy; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Orthomyxoviridae; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 28780285
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30360-2 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Jul 2015Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been available as a trivalent formulation in the EU since 2012. Influenza B strains from two lineages have co-circulated... (Review)
Review
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has been available as a trivalent formulation in the EU since 2012. Influenza B strains from two lineages have co-circulated outside Asia in Europe, Israel and North America since the early 2000s. The trivalent vaccine contained a single influenza B lineage virus chosen primarily on the basis of the previous year's circulating lineage. Failure to align the vaccine virus with the circulating virus leaves even vaccinated patients, particularly children, at risk for infection with B viruses from the other lineage. Recently, a tetravalent formulation was approved and use will begin during the 2014-2015 influenza season. Approval of LAIV Tetra was based on the established efficacy and safety of trivalent LAIV and studies demonstrating similar immunogenicity between the trivalent and tetravalent vaccines. Addition of a fourth strain to the vaccine will address the issue of co-circulation of influenza B viruses and provide a broader range of protection.
Topics: Drug Approval; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; United States; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 25864428
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1034695 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Jan 2017Despite recent advances, malaria remains a major health threat both to populations in endemic areas as well travelers, including military personnel, to these areas.... (Review)
Review
Despite recent advances, malaria remains a major health threat both to populations in endemic areas as well travelers, including military personnel, to these areas. Subunit vaccines have not yet achieved sufficient efficacy needed for use in any of these at risk populations. Areas covered: This review discusses the current status of various whole sporozoite vaccine approaches and is mainly focused on current clinical trials. Expert commentary: Nearly 100% efficacy was achieved by administering multiple bites of radiation-attenuated sporozoite (RAS) Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes; this is impractical for widespread use. Now, this high level efficacy has been reproduced using purified, metabolically active RAS (PfSPZ Sanaria® Vaccine), which is undergoing extensive clinical testing. Alternative whole sporozoite vaccines include immunization with fully infectious sporozoites under chloroquine prophylaxis (CPS) or as genetically-attenuated parasites (GAP). By also manufacturing purified infectious sporozoites, it is now possible to combine these with CPS and GAP, as well as perform challenge studies using controlled doses of sporozoites.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Malaria Vaccines; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Sporozoites; Treatment Outcome; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 27327875
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1203784 -
Infectious Diseases of Poverty Dec 2021African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since ASF has been introduced into...
BACKGROUND
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since ASF has been introduced into Europe and Asia, the major pig-raising areas, posing a huge threat to the pork industry worldwide. Currently, prevention and control of ASF are basically dependent on strict biosecurity measures and stamping-out policy once ASF occurs.
MAIN TEXT
The major risks of ASF spread are insufficient biosecurity measures and human behaviors. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine seems to be a reasonable demand for the prevention and control of ASF. Due to the efficacy advantage over other types of vaccines, live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), especially virulence-associated genes deleted vaccines, are likely to be put into emergency and conditional use in restricted areas if ASF is out of control in a country with a huge pig population and pork consumption, like China. However, the safety, efficacy, and genetic stability of current candidate ASF LAVs require comprehensive clinical evaluations prior to country-wide field application. Several critical issues need to be addressed to commercialize an ideal ASF LAV, including a stable cell line for manufacturing vaccines, differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), and cross-protection from different genotypes.
CONCLUSION
A safe and effective DIVA vaccine and an accompanying diagnostic assay will facilitate the prevention, control, and eradication of ASF, which is quite challenging in the near future.
Topics: African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Biosecurity; Sus scrofa; Swine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34949228
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00920-6