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Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Mar 2019The evolution of the jaw represents a key innovation in driving the diversification of vertebrate body plans and behavior. The pharyngeal apparatus originated as gill... (Review)
Review
The evolution of the jaw represents a key innovation in driving the diversification of vertebrate body plans and behavior. The pharyngeal apparatus originated as gill bars separated by slits in chordate ancestors to vertebrates. Later, with the acquisition of neural crest, pharyngeal arches gave rise to branchial basket cartilages in jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and later bone and cartilage of the jaw, jaw support, and gills of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Major events in the evolution of jaw structure from agnathans to gnathostomes include axial regionalization of pharyngeal elements and formation of a jaw joint. Hox genes specify the anterior-posterior identity of arches, and edn1, dlx, hand2, Jag1b-Notch2 signaling, and Nr2f factors specify dorsal-ventral identity. The formation of a jaw joint, an important step in the transition from an un-jointed pharynx in agnathans to a hinged jaw in gnathostomes involves interaction between nkx3.2, hand2, and barx1 factors. Major events in jaw patterning between fishes and reptiles include changes to elements of the second pharyngeal arch, including a loss of opercular and branchiostegal ray bones and transformation of the hyomandibula into the stapes. Further changes occurred between reptiles and mammals, including the transformation of the articular and quadrate elements of the jaw joint into the malleus and incus of the middle ear. Fossils of transitional jaw phenotypes can be analyzed from a developmental perspective, and there exists potential to use genetic manipulation techniques in extant taxa to test hypotheses about the evolution of jaw patterning in ancient vertebrates. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Chondrogenesis; Fishes; Jaw
PubMed: 30378758
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.337 -
La Radiologia Medica Apr 2021Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare form of mastocytosis that can affect various organ systems. Bone involvement is the most common and prominent imaging feature in... (Review)
Review
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare form of mastocytosis that can affect various organ systems. Bone involvement is the most common and prominent imaging feature in patients with SM regardless of the subtype. Furthermore, bone involvement is a prognostic factor as it may entail an aggressive course of the disease. Diagnosis is established by bone marrow biopsy complemented by imaging modalities such as radiography, CT, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The radiographic and CT appearances are that of sclerotic, lytic, or mixed patterns with focal or diffuse distribution, involving primarily the axial skeleton and the ends of the long bones. Bone marrow infiltration is best recognized on MR imaging. Osteoporosis is common in SM; thus, a bone mineral density measurement at lumbar spine and proximal femur by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry should be obtained. Imaging plays a huge part in the diagnostic process; when skeletal imaging findings are carefully interpreted and correlated with clinical features, they can lead to the suspicion of SM. The primary aims of this review article were to focus on the role of imaging in detection and characterization of skeletal patterns of SM and to discuss relevant clinical features that could facilitate prompt and correct diagnosis.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Bone Marrow; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mastocytosis, Systemic; Middle Aged; Pelvic Bones; Radiography; Spine; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33242205
DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01306-8 -
Acta Ortopedica Mexicana 2021A metastasis is the tumor cell capacity to migrate from the primary tumor and implant itself in tissues of an organ at a distance by hematogenous, lymphatic or... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
A metastasis is the tumor cell capacity to migrate from the primary tumor and implant itself in tissues of an organ at a distance by hematogenous, lymphatic or contiguity. The main causes of bone metastases are: breast, prostate and lung cancer. It usually occurs in patients over 50 years of age. There is a predilection for metastasizing to the axial skeleton.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of tumors that produce bone metastases in our institution.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study, for retrospective analysis of the cases of patients diagnosed with bone metastases.
RESULTS
193 cases; 121 women and 72 men with an age range of 42 to 84 years. Cancers associated with bone metastases were breast, lung, prostate, cervical and renal cancers; to a lesser extent other such as colon, thyroid, liver and skin. The most affected bones were axial skeleton: lumbar and dorsal spine, and in appendicular skeleton the femur in the diaphysiary region and in the humerus the proximal third. At present it has not been possible to improve the effectiveness of timely detection strategies, so bone pain should begin with a protocol of tumor suspicion.
CONCLUSIONS
More than 80% of the patients came for fracture. All patients had a history of pain greater than 12 months with no prior study protocol.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone Neoplasms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Femur; Humans; Humerus; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34731924
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2021Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease which affects the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints. By impacting spinal mobility and physical functions,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease which affects the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints. By impacting spinal mobility and physical functions, AS could also potentially impair gait. However, while published data are rather sparse, it appears that discrepancies exist regarding AS consequences on gait characteristics, tasks and analysis techniques used to assess gait ability of patients with AS. The review questions are twofold: (1) How is gait assessed in patients with AS? and (2) What are the consequences of AS on gait?
METHODS
Databases were systematically searched to identify studies satisfying the search criteria, using the synonyms of ankylosing spondylitis and gait. Two reviewers extracted from the articles study characteristics, methods and main results in relation to gait.
RESULTS
192 titles were extracted from databases and 21 studies were included in the review. 16 studies (76%) used clinical gait measurements and 5 (23%) used laboratory gait measurements. Only 7 involved a healthy control group. Studies used various protocols, instructions and parameters when assessing gait. Gait of patients with AS was associated with decreased stride length, pelvic movements and lower limbs angles in the sagittal plane, and increased hip abduction and external rotation compared to healthy controls.
CONCLUSIONS
Only few studies have assessed gait characteristics in patients with AS and published data evidence that kinematic parameters of gait is altered, but no consensus exists regarding gait analysis methods for patients with AS. Guidelines are provided to improve the design and methodology for future studies on gait and AS.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Gait; Humans; Sacroiliac Joint; Spine; Spondylitis, Ankylosing
PubMed: 33025884
DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/le3bmj -
Arthroscopy : the Journal of... Aug 2020Trochleoplasty in patellofemoral instability has always been controversial. Most authors recognize the fundamental role of trochlear dysplasia in the genesis of patellar...
Trochleoplasty in patellofemoral instability has always been controversial. Most authors recognize the fundamental role of trochlear dysplasia in the genesis of patellar dislocation, and some strongly defend correcting the abnormality, yet others find it too dangerous or unnecessary. Misunderstanding or undervaluation of trochlear dysplasia leads to inappropriate or failed patellofemoral (PF) surgery, the iatrogenic complications of which are well known. Many surgeons miss a key aspect of trochlear dysplasia: the overhang or the prominence of the trochlea relative to the anterior femoral cortex, characterized by a supra-trochlear spur. Trochleoplasty should not be performed as a secondary or revision procedure, but as a primary procedure with clear indications, and the key to improved outcomes is to ensure the right indication for each patient, which can only be determined by understanding the extent of dysplasia in both the axial and sagittal planes.
Topics: Femur; Humans; Knee Joint; Ligaments, Articular; Patellar Dislocation; Surgeons
PubMed: 32747065
DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2020.05.050 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Feb 2023Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the axial skeleton, spine, and sacroiliac (SI) joints is critical for the early detection and follow-up of inflammatory rheumatologic...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the axial skeleton, spine, and sacroiliac (SI) joints is critical for the early detection and follow-up of inflammatory rheumatologic disorders such as axial spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and SAPHO/CRMO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis/chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis). To offer a valuable report to the referring physician, disease-specific knowledge is essential. Certain MRI parameters can help the radiologist provide an early diagnosis and lead to effective treatment. Awareness of these hallmarks may help avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies. A bone marrow edema-like signal plays an important role in reports but is not disease specific. Age, sex, and history should be considered in interpreting MRI to prevent overdiagnosis of rheumatologic disease. Differential diagnoses-degenerative disk disease, infection, and crystal arthropathy-are addressed here. Whole-body MRI may be helpful in diagnosing SAPHO/CRMO.
Topics: Humans; Bone Marrow; Osteomyelitis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Spine
PubMed: 36868247
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761496 -
PloS One 2022Roughly 400,000 people in the U.S. are living with bone metastases, the vast majority occurring in the spine. Metastases to the spine result in fractures, pain,...
Roughly 400,000 people in the U.S. are living with bone metastases, the vast majority occurring in the spine. Metastases to the spine result in fractures, pain, paralysis, and significant health care costs. This predilection for cancer to metastasize to the bone is seen across most cancer histologies, with the greatest incidence seen in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. The molecular process involved in this predilection for axial versus appendicular skeleton is not fully understood, although it is likely that a combination of tumor and local micro-environmental factors plays a role. Immune cells are an important constituent of the bone marrow microenvironment and many of these cells have been shown to play a significant role in tumor growth and progression in soft tissue and bone disease. With this in mind, we sought to examine the differences in immune landscape between axial and appendicular bones in the normal noncancerous setting in order to obtain an understanding of these landscapes. To accomplish this, we utilized mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) to examine differences in the immune cell landscapes between the long bone and vertebral body bone marrow from patient clinical samples and C57BL/6J mice. We demonstrate significant differences between immune populations in both murine and human marrow with a predominance of myeloid progenitor cells in the spine. Additionally, cytokine analysis revealed differences in concentrations favoring a more myeloid enriched population of cells in the vertebral body bone marrow. These differences could have clinical implications with respect to the distribution and permissive growth of bone metastases.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Spine; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35476843
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267642 -
World Neurosurgery Apr 2022To consolidate the current literature related to atlantoaxial osteoarthritis (AAOA) and improve systematic understanding of this clinical syndrome among spine surgeons. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To consolidate the current literature related to atlantoaxial osteoarthritis (AAOA) and improve systematic understanding of this clinical syndrome among spine surgeons.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases and the following search terms: ("C1-C2" OR "C1-2" OR "atlantoaxial" OR "atlanto-axial" OR "C2" OR "C1" OR "atlas" OR "axis") AND ("osteoarthritis"). All articles of any study design addressing AAOA were considered for inclusion. Two authors independently read article titles and abstracts, and the full text of included relevant articles.
RESULTS
There were 54 articles reviewed and consolidated in this narrative review. These articles are roughly divided into the following 5 subcategories: epidemiology and etiology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, conservative treatment, and surgical indications and treatment options.
CONCLUSIONS
AAOA is a clinically common but often overlooked syndrome characterized by persistent occipitocervical pain. The most common cause of AAOA is joint degeneration, which is closely related to age and occupation. AAOA is initially managed with conservative treatment. Atlantoaxial fusion is an option for patients with severe pain who are unresponsive to conservative treatment.
Topics: Atlanto-Axial Joint; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Spinal Fusion; Spine
PubMed: 35092813
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.081 -
Skeletal Radiology Oct 2022The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is an amphiarthrosis composed of a posterior syndesmosis and an anterior cartilaginous portion, with limited yet present mobility. Its main... (Review)
Review
The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is an amphiarthrosis composed of a posterior syndesmosis and an anterior cartilaginous portion, with limited yet present mobility. Its main function is to transmit the load from the axial skeleton to the lower limbs and vice-versa; it is susceptible to early mechanical and degenerative changes which are much more common than inflammatory sacroiliitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has increasingly been used to evaluate these changes, and while subchondral bone marrow edema (BME) is a common finding related to both, care must be taken when applying the ASAS research MRI definition for sacroiliitis without considering lesion BME topography, size and depth, concomitant structural damage and, of course, the clinical picture. In this review, we will discuss the anatomy and biomechanics of the SIJ, the noninflammatory causes of SIJ subchondral BME, and how these concepts combined can be used to increase our diagnostic confidence.
Topics: Bone Marrow Diseases; Edema; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Sacroiliac Joint; Sacroiliitis; Spondylarthritis
PubMed: 35556157
DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04067-9 -
European Spine Journal : Official... May 2020CT myelography has been used since 1976 to diagnose neural compression in the axial skeleton. With the advent of routine MRI, its role in accurately diagnosing neural...
PURPOSE
CT myelography has been used since 1976 to diagnose neural compression in the axial skeleton. With the advent of routine MRI, its role in accurately diagnosing neural compression has been questioned as its normal appearances are not defined in the study. In this study, we examine a series of CT myelograms to define the normal appearances of the neural elements of the spine.
METHODS
The CT myelograms of patients with unilateral symptoms were examined by four independent physicians. The lateral extent of contrast was examined and recorded. Concordance between the recorded extents was assessed using kappa scores.
RESULTS
Thirty-six scans were reviewed. Kappa analysis shows that there is a fair agreement in the lateral extent of contrast at L1, L3 and L4. At L2 and L5, agreement is slight.
CONCLUSION
The interpretation of CT myelography shows significant interobserver variability. As a result, the usefulness of this diagnostic tool can be questioned, and if misinterpreted, it could lead to questionable diagnoses and inadvertently erroneous management if used in isolation. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Topics: Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Myelography; Spinal Stenosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 31901999
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06287-5