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Pest Management Science Feb 2015Codling moth is a major pest of pome fruit worldwide. Insecticide resistance has become a widespread pest management issue. However, the current status of insecticide...
BACKGROUND
Codling moth is a major pest of pome fruit worldwide. Insecticide resistance has become a widespread pest management issue. However, the current status of insecticide resistance in Ontario and Quebec codling moth populations is unknown.
RESULTS
Codling moth populations were collected from 27 orchards in Ontario and Quebec from 2008 to 2010. A series of laboratory bioassays were performed to establish baseline susceptibility of adults and larvae to azinphos-methyl, thiacloprid, chlorantraniliprole and methoxyfenozide. Adult codling moth percentage mortality ranged from 22 to 97% and from 21 to 85% when exposed to topical bioassays using azinphos-methyl and thiacloprid respectively. Azinphos-methyl LC50 values from three selected orchards were ca fivefold greater than those from an insecticide-susceptible population. Neonate larva percentage mortality ranged from 5 to 50%, from 15 to 65%, from 90 to 100% and from 10 to 40% when exposed to diet bioassays using azinphos-methyl, thiacloprid, chlorantraniliprole and methoxyfenozide respectively.
CONCLUSION
Based on the response of the field-collected populations, resistance development to some registered insecticides was evident in some Ontario and Quebec populations. With the present status of insecticide resistance documented in these regions, modifications to codling moth management strategies should be initiated before changes in field efficacy occur.
Topics: Animals; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; Malus; Moths; Ontario; Quebec
PubMed: 24687689
DOI: 10.1002/ps.3787 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 2018A sensitive and fast ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with ion mobility spectrometry has been developed for the...
Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl in water, soil, food and beverage samples.
A sensitive and fast ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with ion mobility spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl. Experimental parameters affecting the analytical performance of the method were optimized: type and volume of extraction solvent (chloroform, 150 µL), pH (9.0), type and volume of buffer (ammonium buffer pH = 9.0, 4.5 mL) and extraction time (3.0 min). Under optimum conditions, the linearity was found to be in the range of 2-40 and 6-100 ng/mL and the limits of detection (LOD) were 1.04 and 1.31 ng/mL for bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl, respectively. The method was successfully validated for the analysis of bendiocarb and azinphos-ethyl in different samples such as waters, soil, food and beverage samples.
Topics: Azinphosmethyl; Beverages; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Food; Food Analysis; Ion Mobility Spectrometry; Limit of Detection; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Phenylcarbamates; Soil; Solvents; Ultrasonics; Water
PubMed: 30218969
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.021 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Feb 2015The effects of repellency or irritancy in Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) were studied for three rates of 16 pesticides commonly used in apple production. Adult... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The effects of repellency or irritancy in Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) were studied for three rates of 16 pesticides commonly used in apple production. Adult female mites were exposed to residues in a series of choice bioassays (treated and untreated half of bean leaf disks). Novaluron, carbaryl, mancozeb+copper hydroxide, and sulfur were the most repellent materials to G. occidentalis, with females consistently avoiding the treated side of the leaf disk. Spirotetramat, flubendiamide, and cyantriniliprole caused an intermediate or inconsistent degree of repellency; azinphosmethyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, imidacloprid, spinetoram, spinosad, and chlorantriniliprole caused little to no repellency. Irritancy (running off of the disk, as opposed to resting on the untreated half) was the most pronounced in the acetamiprid and lambda-cyhalothrin treatments. Acute toxicity (within the 6 h test period) was highest in the lambda-cyhalothrin and spinetoram treatments; in the former case, the mortality at all rates tested was substantial enough to interfere with the measurement of behavioral effects. Although irritancy may be considered the more extreme form of repellency, there were several pesticides (carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, mancozeb+copper hydroxide, novaluron) where a moderate to high degree of repellency did not correspond to a high degree of irritancy. Similarly, repellency was not consistently related to acute toxicity; one of the most repellent materials (novaluron) was not acutely toxic. Behavioral effects may help explain instances where lethal or sublethal bioassays do not fully predict the effects of pesticides seen in orchard use.
Topics: Animals; Pesticides; Tetranychidae; Toxicity Tests, Acute
PubMed: 26470128
DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou047 -
Toxicological Sciences : An Official... Apr 2024Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) having a phosphate ester moiety, such as malathion (MA) and methidathion (DMTP), are widely used and have been detected in many fatal...
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) having a phosphate ester moiety, such as malathion (MA) and methidathion (DMTP), are widely used and have been detected in many fatal cases of accidental exposure or suicide in Japan. In forensic toxicology, the accurate determination of blood OPP concentration is mandatory to prove death by OPP poisoning. However, fatal pesticide concentration in blood at autopsy varies depending on the circumstances surrounding the dead body. In this study, we found that 16 OPPs were degraded by human serum albumin (HSA) in a temperature-dependent fashion. The mechanism underlying MA, DMTP, azinphos-methyl, etrimfos, fenthion (MPP), pirimiphos-methyl, (E)-dimethylvinphos, (Z)-dimethylvinphos, vamidothion, edifenphos (EDDP), fosthiazate, and pyraclofos degradation involves the formation of adducts with tyrosine residues in HSA. The mass spectra obtained by liquid chromatography quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry revealed that phosphate ester amino acid adducts such as Y-adduct1, Y-adduct2, Y-adduct3, Y-adduct4, and Y-adduct5 were formed in HSA solution incubated with OPPs. These results indicate that the 16 OPPs are postmortem changed by HSA. The detection of phosphate ester amino acid adducts such as Y-adduct1, Y-adduct2, Y-adduct3, Y-adduct4, and Y-adduct5, instead of MA, DMTP, azinphos-methyl, etrimfos, MPP, pirimiphos-methyl, (E)-dimethylvinphos, (Z)-dimethylvinphos, vamidothion, EDDP, fosthiazate, and pyraclofos per se, may be used to determine death by these OPPs poisoning.
Topics: Humans; Organophosphorus Compounds; Tyrosine; Pesticides; Serum Albumin, Human; Postmortem Changes; Chromatography, Liquid; Mass Spectrometry; Forensic Toxicology
PubMed: 38366941
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae023 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Sep 2019Organisms live in complex multivariate environments. In agroecosystems, this complexity is often human-induced as pest individuals can be exposed to many xenobiotics...
Organisms live in complex multivariate environments. In agroecosystems, this complexity is often human-induced as pest individuals can be exposed to many xenobiotics simultaneously. Predicting the effects of multiple stressors can be problematic, as two or more stressors can have interactive effects. Our objective was to investigate whether indirect glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure of the host plant has interactive effects in combination with an insecticide (azinphos-methyl) on an invasive pest Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). We tested the effects of GBH and insecticide on the survival, insecticide target genes expression (acetylcholinesterase genes) and oxidative status biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase [GST], glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PDH], glutathione reductase homolog [GR], glutathione peroxidase homolog [GPx], total glutathione [totGSH], glutathione reduced-oxidized [GSH: GSSG], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid hydroperoxides). We found that exposure to indirect GBH has no single or interactive effects in combination with the insecticide on larval survival. However, prior exposure to GBH inhibits Ldace1 gene expression by 0.55-fold, which is the target site for the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. This difference disappears when individuals are exposed to both GBH and insecticide, suggesting an antagonistic effect. On the other hand, oxidative status biomarker scores (PCAs of GPx, GR, and CAT) were decreased when exposed to both stressors, indicating a synergistic effect. Overall, we found that indirect GBH exposure can have both antagonistic and synergistic effects in combination with an insecticide, which should be considered when aiming for an ecologically relevant risk assessment of multiple human-induced stressors.
Topics: Animals; Coleoptera; Colorado; Glutathione Transferase; Herbicides; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Solanum tuberosum
PubMed: 31081887
DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz115 -
Talanta Apr 2024Biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer-coated paper (MIP@paper) was effectively produced by polymerization using azinphos-methyl as a template molecule,...
Biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer-coated paper (MIP@paper) was effectively produced by polymerization using azinphos-methyl as a template molecule, terephthalic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker, and aqueous ethanol as a green porogenic solvent. The material was subsequently composited onto cellulose paper, which served as the natural substrate, by dip coating with the aid of chitosan and citric acid natural adhesive. The properties, such as static and dynamic adsorption, selectivity, and reusability, were assessed. At rapid adsorption equilibrium (10 min), the MIP@paper had a high adsorption capacity in the range of 2.5-3.7 mg g and good recognition with imprinting factors up to 2.1. In addition, the proposed MIP@paper was utilized efficiently as a sorbent for dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) of eight organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The d-SPE-HPLC method displayed low detection limits of 1.2-4.5 μg kg and significant enrichment factors (up to 320-fold). The proposed method was effectively applied for the determination of OPP residues in agricultural products, including fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains, with satisfactory spiked recoveries (80.1-119.1 %). Thus, the MIP@paper material provided a selective and environmentally favorable method for extracting and determining organophosphorus pesticides.
Topics: Pesticides; Vegetables; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers; Organophosphorus Compounds; Edible Grain; Fruit; Solid Phase Extraction; Molecular Imprinting; Adsorption; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
PubMed: 38101032
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125536 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Feb 2015The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is the key pest of apple production worldwide. Insecticide resistance has been reported in all producing countries, based on five...
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is the key pest of apple production worldwide. Insecticide resistance has been reported in all producing countries, based on five different mechanisms. Codling moth in Chile has resistance to azinphos-methyl and tebufenozide in post-diapausing larvae. However, there are no studies about the susceptibility of these populations to insecticides from other chemical groups. Therefore, the efficacy of azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, esfenvalerate, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and thiacloprid on neonate and post-diapausing larvae from six field populations was investigated, and identified resistance mechanisms in this species were evaluated. Neonate larvae were susceptible to all insecticides studied, but post-diapausing larvae from four populations were resistant to chlorpyrifos, one of them was also resistant to azinphos-methyl, and another one was resistant to tebufenozide. The acetylcholinesterase insensitivity mutation was not detected, and the sodium channel knockdown resistance mutation was present in a low frequency in one population. Detoxifying enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases, esterases, and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in adults differed among populations, but chlorpyrifos resistance was associated only with a decreased esterase activity as shown by a significant negative correlation between chlorpyrifos mortality and esterase activity.
Topics: Animals; Female; Insecticide Resistance; Male; Moths; Organophosphates
PubMed: 26470131
DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou001 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Oct 2014This study aimed to use gold nanorods and graphene as key materials to fabricate high-performance substrates for the detection of pesticides by surface enhanced Raman...
This study aimed to use gold nanorods and graphene as key materials to fabricate high-performance substrates for the detection of pesticides by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Three types of pesticides (azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, and phosmet) were selected. Gold nanorods have great potential to be used as a SERS substrate because it is easy to tune the surface plasmon resonance of the nanorods to the laser excitation wavelength of Raman spectroscopy. Graphene is a promising nanoscale material that can be used for supporting metal nanostructures. Three types of novel SERS substrates were fabricated, including graphene-gold film-gold nanorod (G-Au-AuNR) substrate, gold film-gold nanorod (Au-AuNR) substrate, and graphene coupled with gold nanorods (G-AuNR). The results demonstrate that G-Au-AuNR substrates exhibited the strongest Raman signals of the selected pesticides, followed by the Au-AuNR substrates. G-AuNR exhibited the weakest Raman signals, and no characteristic spectral features of the analytes were obtained. A partial least-squares method was used to develop quantitative models for the analysis of spectral data (R = 0.94, 0.87, and 0.86 for azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, and phosmet, respectively). The G-Au-AuNRs substrate was able to detect all three types of pesticides at the parts per million level with limits of detection at around 5, 5, and 9 ppm for azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, and phosmet, respectively. These results indicate that combining gold nanorods and graphene has great potential in the fabrication of sensitive, lightweight, and flexible substrates for SERS applications to improve food safety.
Topics: Food Contamination; Gold; Graphite; Nanotubes; Pesticides; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 25317673
DOI: 10.1021/jf5036417 -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Sep 2018The use of a battery of biomarkers, especially those more closely related to species integrity, is desired for more complete ecotoxicological assessments of the effects...
The use of a battery of biomarkers, especially those more closely related to species integrity, is desired for more complete ecotoxicological assessments of the effects of pesticide contamination on aquatic organisms. The phosphorodithioate azinphos-methyl has been intensively used in agriculture worldwide and have been found in the habitat of Chilina gibbosa, a freshwater snail endemic to South America. This snail has been proposed as a good model organism for ecotoxicity bioassays on the basis of studies focused mainly on enzymatic responses in whole tissue homogenates. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of an acute 48 h exposure to an environmental concentration of azinphos-methyl on C. gibbosa hemolymph enzymatic activity and cellular immune response. Our results show that cholinesterase activity was strongly inhibited (94%) in hemolymph of exposed snails. Carboxylesterase activity measured with p-nitrophenyl butyrate and glutathione S-transferase activity were augmented 47% and 89% respectively after exposure. No differences were found for hemolymph carboxylesterase activity measured with p-nitrophenyl acetate. These results differ from those reported for whole tissue homogenates and reveal that tissue-specific responses of enzymatic biomarkers exist in this species. Regarding immune cell response, hemocytes were identified for the first time for C. gibbosa. Their viability and phagocytic activity decreased after azinphos-methyl exposure although total number of circulating cells did not differ between treatments. We conclude that concentrations of azinphos-methyl that can be found in the environment can compromise both hemolymph cholinesterase activity and the immune system of C. gibbosa. Furthermore, we propose that carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities measured in hemolymph and hemocyte viability and phagocytic activity could be incorporated as sensitive biomarkers to evaluate the effects of pesticide exposure on this and related species.
Topics: Animals; Azinphosmethyl; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Fresh Water; Glutathione Transferase; Hemocytes; Hemolymph; Immunity, Cellular; Phagocytosis; Snails
PubMed: 30195390
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.07.005 -
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Dec 2019
Corrigendum to "ThThnated Development of a pH assisted AgNP-based Colorimetric Sensor Array for Simultaneous Identification of Phosalone and Azinphosmethyl Pesticides" [Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 219 (2019) 496-503].
PubMed: 31160184
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117155