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Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences May 2022Greater yam ( L.) is a tropical plant with a large food reserve in its underground tubers. Cultivating the greater yam is considered an essential food security crop. Yam...
Greater yam ( L.) is a tropical plant with a large food reserve in its underground tubers. Cultivating the greater yam is considered an essential food security crop. Yam tuber yield and quality is decreased by poor soil fertility, heavy use of fertilizers and attack of insect pest. The heavy use of fertilizers impaired the soil structure polluted the environment, and adversely impacted human beings. We employed (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus) and nitrogen fixing Azotobacter to help reduce the adverse effects of fertilisers on the plants. In this study, we applied five treatments such as (1) CF: normal with conventional package and practices, (2) 70%CF: 70% chemical fertilizer, (3) 70 %CF + RI: 70% CF + AMF (), (4) 70%CF + AC: 70% CF + PGPB (), and (5) 70%CF + RI + AC: 70% CF + + as donated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, obtained that 70%CF + RI + AC was found to be the most efficient treatment under reduce chemical fertilization for improving morphological traits and biochemical content of greater yam. Although some other treatments such as 70%CF + AC, 70%CF + RI, 70% CF and CF demonstrated considerable effects in yam compared with 70%CF: 70% chemical fertilizer.
PubMed: 35844423
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.041 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Dec 2020Stressor (biotic as well as abiotic) generally hijack the plant growth and yield characters in hostile environment leading to poor germination of the plants and yield.... (Review)
Review
Stressor (biotic as well as abiotic) generally hijack the plant growth and yield characters in hostile environment leading to poor germination of the plants and yield. Among the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, spp. (Gram-negative prokaryote) are considered to improve the plant health. Various mechanisms are implicated behind improved plant health in spp. inoculated plants. For example, acceleration of phytohormone like Indole-3-Acetic Acid production, obviation of various stressors, nitrogen fixation, pesticides and oil globules degradation, heavy metals metabolization, etc. are the key characteristics of spp. action. In addition, application of this bacteria has also become helpful in the reclamation of soil suggesting to be a putative agent which can be used in the transformation of virgin land to fertile one. Application of pesticides of chemical origin are being put on suspension mode as the related awareness program is still on. As far as the limitations of this microbe is concerned, commercial level formulations availability is still a great menace. Present review has been aimed to appraise the researchers pertaining to utility of spp. in the amelioration of plant health in sustainable agroecosystem. The article has been written with the target to gather maximum information into single pot so that it could reach to the dedicated researchers.
PubMed: 33304174
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.004 -
Insect Science Dec 2023The rising trend in the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops may cause a destabilization of agroecosystems, thus increasing concerns about the...
The rising trend in the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crops may cause a destabilization of agroecosystems, thus increasing concerns about the sustainability of Bt crops as a valid pest management method. Azotobacter can be used as a biological regulator to increase environmental suitability and improve the soil nitrogen utilization efficiency of crops, especially Bt cotton. A laboratory test investigated effects on the development and food utilization of Helicoverpa armigera fed with different Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac proteins and nitrogen metabolism-related compounds from cotton (transgenic variety SCRC 37 vs non-Bt cotton cv. Yu 2067) inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense (Ab) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Ac). The findings indicate that inoculation with Azotobacter significantly decreased the partial development and food utilization indexes (pupal weight; pupation rate; adult longevity; fecundity; relative growth rate, RGR; efficiency of conversion of digested food, ECD; and efficiency of conversion of ingested food, ECI) of H. armigera fed on Bt cotton, but contrasting trends were found among these indexes in H. armigera fed on non-Bt cotton inoculated with Azotobacter, as a result of differences in Bt toxin production. Overall, the results showed that inoculation with Azotobacter had negative effects on the development and food utilization of H. armigera fed on Bt cotton, leading to enhanced target insect resistance. Presumably, Azotobacter inoculation can be used to stimulate plant soil nitrogen uptake to increase nitrogen metabolism-related compounds and promote plant growth for Bt and non-Bt cotton, simultaneously raising Bt protein expression and enhancing resistance efficacy against cotton bollworm in Bt cotton.
Topics: Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacterial Proteins; Moths; Gossypium; Plants, Genetically Modified; Nitrogen; Azotobacter; Endotoxins; Soil; Hemolysin Proteins; Insecticide Resistance; Larva
PubMed: 36825888
DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13190 -
Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and... 2022Understanding how Nature accomplishes the reduction of inert nitrogen gas to form metabolically tractable ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure has challenged... (Review)
Review
Understanding how Nature accomplishes the reduction of inert nitrogen gas to form metabolically tractable ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure has challenged scientists for more than a century. Such an understanding is a key aspect toward accomplishing the transfer of the genetic determinants of biological nitrogen fixation to crop plants as well as for the development of improved synthetic catalysts based on the biological mechanism. Over the past 30 years, the free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium emerged as a preferred model organism for mechanistic, structural, genetic, and physiological studies aimed at understanding biological nitrogen fixation. This review provides a contemporary overview of these studies and places them within the context of their historical development.
Topics: Nitrogen Fixation; Azotobacter vinelandii; Nitrogenase; Ammonia; Nitrogen
PubMed: 36877487
DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2023.2181309 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021A pot experiment was designed and performed in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) to determine the main effect of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria...
A pot experiment was designed and performed in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) to determine the main effect of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their co-inoculation on growth criteria and physio-biochemical attributes of canola plants ( L.) plant grown in saline soil. The results showed that inoculation with two PGPR ( and/or ) energized the growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of stressed plants. Moreover, soluble sugars' and proteins' contents were boosted due to the treatments mentioned above. Proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (HO) contents were markedly declined. At the same time, antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD), were augmented due to the inoculation with and/or . Regarding minerals' uptake, there was a decline in sodium (Na) and an increase in nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) uptake due to the application of either individual or co-inoculation with the mentioned bacterial isolates. This study showed that co-inoculation with and was the most effective treatment and could be considered a premium tool used in facing environmental problems, especially saline soils.
PubMed: 33430173
DOI: 10.3390/plants10010110 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) spp. is the most promising bacteria among all microorganisms. It is an aerobic, free-living, and N2-fixing bacterium that...
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) spp. is the most promising bacteria among all microorganisms. It is an aerobic, free-living, and N2-fixing bacterium that commonly lives in soil, water, and sediments. It can be used as a biofertilizer for plant growth and nutrient utilization efficiency. Maize is the highly consumed cereal food crop of the cosmopolitan population, and the sustainable maize productivity achieved by applying bacteria in combination with nitrogen phosphorus potassium (NPK) is promising. In the present study, a bacterial isolate (PR19). , obtained from the soil of an organic farm was evaluated for its plant growth promoting potential alone and in combination with an inorganic fertilizer (NPK) included. The bacterial cultue (PR19) was screened for its morphological, biochemical, and plant growth-promoting characteristics, sequenced by the 16S rDNA method, and submitted to NCBI for the confirmation of strain identification. Further, the inoculation effect of the bacterial culture (PR19) in combination with NPK on growth and yield parameters of maize under pot were analyzed. Based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics, PR19 was identified as it was submitted to NCBI genbank under the accession No. KP966496. The bacterial isolate possessed multiple plant growth-promoting (MPGP) traits such as the production of ammonia, siderophore, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and ACC Deaminase (ACCD). It showed phosphate solubilization activity and tolerance to 20% salt, wide range of pH 5-9, higher levels of trace elements and heavy metals, and resistance to multiple antibiotics. PR19 expressed significantly increased ( < 0.001) antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH) under the abiotic stress of salinity and pH. condition, inoculation of maize with the PR19 showed a significant increase in seed germination and enhancement in elongation of root and shoot compared to untreated control. The combined application of the PR19 and NPK treatments showed similar significant results in all growth and yield parameters of maize variety SHIATS-M S2. This study is the first report on the beneficial effects of organic farm isolated PR19-NPK treatment combinations on sustainable maize productivity.
PubMed: 35991457
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952212 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) refers to a microbial mediated process based upon an enzymatic "Nitrogenase" conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N) into ammonium... (Review)
Review
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) refers to a microbial mediated process based upon an enzymatic "Nitrogenase" conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N) into ammonium readily absorbable by roots. N-fixing microorganisms collectively termed as "diazotrophs" are able to fix biologically N in association with plant roots. Specifically, the symbiotic rhizobacteria induce structural and physiological modifications of bacterial cells and plant roots into specialized structures called nodules. Other N-fixing bacteria are free-living fixers that are highly diverse and globally widespread in cropland. They represent key natural source of nitrogen (N) in natural and agricultural ecosystems lacking symbiotic N fixation (SNF). In this review, the importance of species was highlighted as both important free-living N-fixing bacteria and potential bacterial biofertilizer with proven efficacy for plant nutrition and biological soil fertility. In addition, we described beneficial plant promoting traits (e.g., nutrient use efficiency, protection against phytopathogens, phytohormone biosynthesis, etc.). We shed light also on the agronomic features of that are likely an effective component of integrated plant nutrition strategy, which contributes positively to sustainable agricultural production. We pointed out based-biofertilizers, which possess unique characteristics such as cyst formation conferring resistance to environmental stresses. Such beneficial traits can be explored profoundly for the utmost aim to research and develop specific formulations based on inoculant cysts. Furthermore, species still need to be wisely exploited in order to address specific agricultural challenges (e.g., nutrient deficiencies, biotic and abiotic constraints) taking into consideration several variables including their biological functions, synergies and multi-trophic interactions, and biogeography and abundance distribution.
PubMed: 33717018
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628379 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Alginates are a family of polymers composed of guluronate and mannuronate monomers joined by β (1-4) links. The different types of alginates have variations in their... (Review)
Review
Alginates are a family of polymers composed of guluronate and mannuronate monomers joined by β (1-4) links. The different types of alginates have variations in their monomer content and molecular weight, which determine the rheological properties and their applications. In industry, alginates are commonly used as additives capable of viscosifying, stabilizing, emulsifying, and gelling aqueous solutions. Recently, additional specialized biomedical uses have been reported for this polymer. Currently, the production of alginates is based on the harvesting of seaweeds; however, the composition and structure of the extracts are highly variable. The production of alginates for specialized applications requires a precise composition of monomers and molecular weight, which could be achieved using bacterial production systems such as those based on , a free-living, non-pathogenic bacterium. In this mini-review, we analyze the latest advances in the regulation of alginate synthesis in this model.
PubMed: 35401471
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845473 -
Biochemistry Feb 2018Photoinduced charge-transfer dynamics and the influence of cluster size on the dynamics were investigated using five iron-sulfur clusters: the 1Fe-4S cluster in...
Photoinduced charge-transfer dynamics and the influence of cluster size on the dynamics were investigated using five iron-sulfur clusters: the 1Fe-4S cluster in Pyrococcus furiosus rubredoxin, the 2Fe-2S cluster in Pseudomonas putida putidaredoxin, the 4Fe-4S cluster in nitrogenase iron protein, and the 8Fe-7S P-cluster and the 7Fe-9S-1Mo FeMo cofactor in nitrogenase MoFe protein. Laser excitation promotes the iron-sulfur clusters to excited electronic states that relax to lower states. The electronic relaxation lifetimes of the 1Fe-4S, 8Fe-7S, and 7Fe-9S-1Mo clusters are on the picosecond time scale, although the dynamics of the MoFe protein is a mixture of the dynamics of the latter two clusters. The lifetimes of the 2Fe-2S and 4Fe-4S clusters, however, extend to several nanoseconds. A competition between reorganization energies and the density of electronic states (thus electronic coupling between states) mediates the charge-transfer lifetimes, with the 2Fe-2S cluster of Pdx and the 4Fe-4S cluster of Fe protein lying at the optimum leading to them having significantly longer lifetimes. Their long lifetimes make them the optimal candidates for long-range electron transfer and as external photosensitizers for other photoactivated chemical reactions like solar hydrogen production. Potential electron-transfer and hole-transfer pathways that possibly facilitate these charge transfers are proposed.
Topics: Azotobacter vinelandii; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Catalytic Domain; Electron Transport; Ferredoxins; Iron-Sulfur Proteins; Models, Molecular; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases; Protein Conformation; Pseudomonas putida; Pyrococcus furiosus; Rubredoxins
PubMed: 29303562
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01159 -
Journal of Biotechnology Jul 2022Adhatoda vasica is used in the treatment of cold, cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma, diarrhea, and dysentery. The biological activities of this species are attributed...
Adhatoda vasica is used in the treatment of cold, cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma, diarrhea, and dysentery. The biological activities of this species are attributed with the presence of alkaloids, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of A. vasica, produces pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids, was achieved by infecting leaf discs with strain ATCC15834. The bacterial strain infected 82.7% leaf discs and 5-7 hairy root initials were developed from the cut edges of leaf discs. In this study, seven strains of Azotobacter chroococcum and five strains of Pseudomonas putida were used for the biotization of hairy roots. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) develops symbiotic association with roots of plants and increases the growth parameters of plants. PGPR (A. chroococcum and P. putida) increased the profiles of nitrogenase and acid phosphatase enzymes, biomass, dry matter contents, anthranilate synthase activity and accumulation of pyrroloquizoline alkaloids in the biotized hairy roots. Both enzymes (nitrogenase and acid phosphatase) maintain sufficient supply of nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus to the cells of hairy roots therefore, the levels of anthranilate synthase activity and pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids are increased. Total seven pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids (vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzyl amine, vasicinolone, deoxyvasicine and vasicol) were identified from the biotized hairy roots of A. vasica. In our study, biotization increased the profiles of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids therefore, this strategy may be used in increasing the production of medicinally important secondary metabolites in other plant species also. Our hypothetical model demonstrates that P. putida cell surface receptors receive root exudates by attaching on hairy roots. After attachment, the bacterial strain penetrates in the biotized hairy roots. This endophytic interaction stimulates acid phosphatase activity in the cells of biotized hairy roots. The P. putida plasmid gene (ppp1) expression led to the synthesis of acid phosphatase in cytosol. The enzyme enhances phosphorus availability as well as induces the formation of phosphoribosyl diphosphate. Later, phosphoribosyl diphosphate metabolizes to tryptophan and finally tryptophan converts to anthranilic acid. The synthesized anthranilic acid used in the synthesis of alkaloids in A. vasica.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Alkaloids; Anthranilate Synthase; Azotobacter; Diphosphates; Justicia; Nitrogenase; Phosphorus; Plant Roots; Pseudomonas putida; Tryptophan
PubMed: 35691257
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.05.011