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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents one of the most widespread bacterial infections globally. Infection causes chronic gastritis and increases the risk of peptic... (Review)
Review
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents one of the most widespread bacterial infections globally. Infection causes chronic gastritis and increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The pioneering discovery of H. pylori by Marshall and Warren in the early 1980s has initiated fervent research into H. pylori as a pathogen ever since. This chapter aims to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infection and its management, with a focus on current options for diagnosis, the challenges associated with H. pylori eradication, and the need for alternative therapeutic strategies based on furthering our understanding of host: H. pylori interactions.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans
PubMed: 33765303
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_1 -
Seminars in Immunology Aug 2020Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) have received increased attention in recent years as a vaccine platform against bacterial pathogens. OMV from Neisseria meningitidis... (Review)
Review
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) have received increased attention in recent years as a vaccine platform against bacterial pathogens. OMV from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B have been extensively explored. Following the success of the MeNZB OMV vaccine in controlling an outbreak of N. meningitidis B in New Zealand, additional research and development resulted in the licensure of the OMV-containing four-component 4CMenB vaccine, Bexsero. This provided broader protection against multiple meningococcal B strains. Advances in the field of genetic engineering have permitted further improvements in the platform resulting in increased yields, reduced endotoxicity and decoration with homologous and heterologous antigens to enhance immuno genicity and provide broader protection. The OMV vaccine platform has been extended to many other pathogens. In this review, we discuss progress in the development of the OMV vaccine delivery platform, highlighting successful applications, together with potential challenges and gaps.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane; Bacterial Vaccines; Genetic Engineering; Humans; Immunity, Heterologous; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Meningococcal Infections; Neisseria meningitidis
PubMed: 33309166
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101433 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Jan 2020Dental caries, caused by Streptococcus mutans, is a common infection. Caries vaccine has been under investigation for the last 40 years. Many in vitro and in vivo... (Review)
Review
Dental caries, caused by Streptococcus mutans, is a common infection. Caries vaccine has been under investigation for the last 40 years. Many in vitro and in vivo studies and some human clinical trials have determined many pertinent aspects regarding vaccine development. The virulence determinants of Strep. mutans, such as Ag I/II, responsible for adherence to surfaces, glucosyltransferase, responsible for the production of glucan, and the glucan-binding protein, responsible for the attachment of glucan to surfaces, have been known to elicit an antigen-specific immune response. It is also known that more than one antigen or a functional part of the genome responsible for these virulence determinants provide a better host response compared with the monogenic vaccine or complete genome of a specific antigen. To enhance the host response, the use of adjuvants has been studied and the routes of antigen administration have been investigated. In recent years, some promising vaccines such as pGJA-P/VAX, LT derivative/Pi , KFD2-rPAc and SBR/GBR-CMV-nirB have been developed and tested in animals. New virulence targets need to be explored. Multicentre collaborative studies and human clinical trials are required and some interest from funders and public health experts should be generated to overcome this hurdle. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Dental caries is an irreversible, multifactorial opportunistic infection. The treatment is costly, making it a public health problem. Despite many years of promising laboratory research, animal studies and clinical trials, there is no commercially available vaccine today. The research objectives have become more refined from lessons learnt over the years. Multigenic DNA/recombinant vaccines, using the best proved adjuvants with a delivery system for the nasal or sublingual route, should be developed and researched with multicentre collaborative efforts. In addition, new vaccine targets can be identified. To overcome the economic hurdle, funders and public health interest should be stimulated.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Dental Caries; Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Vaccines, DNA
PubMed: 31518435
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13218 -
Nature Communications Oct 2022Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne intracellular bacterial pathogen leading to human listeriosis. Despite a high mortality rate and increasing antibiotic resistance...
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne intracellular bacterial pathogen leading to human listeriosis. Despite a high mortality rate and increasing antibiotic resistance no clinically approved vaccine against Listeria is available. Attenuated Listeria strains offer protection and are tested as antitumor vaccine vectors, but would benefit from a better knowledge on immunodominant vector antigens. To identify novel antigens, we screen for Listeria peptides presented on the surface of infected human cell lines by mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics. In between more than 15,000 human self-peptides, we detect 68 Listeria immunopeptides from 42 different bacterial proteins, including several known antigens. Peptides presented on different cell lines are often derived from the same bacterial surface proteins, classifying these antigens as potential vaccine candidates. Encoding these highly presented antigens in lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine formulations results in specific CD8 T-cell responses and induces protection in vaccination challenge experiments in mice. Our results can serve as a starting point for the development of a clinical mRNA vaccine against Listeria and aid to improve attenuated Listeria vaccines and vectors, demonstrating the power of immunopeptidomics for next-generation bacterial vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Humans; Immunodominant Epitopes; Liposomes; Listeria; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Nanoparticles; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic; mRNA Vaccines
PubMed: 36241641
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33721-y -
The Lancet. Microbe Feb 2023Vaccines can be highly effective tools in combating antimicrobial resistance as they reduce infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic consumption... (Review)
Review
Vaccines can be highly effective tools in combating antimicrobial resistance as they reduce infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic consumption associated with disease. This Review looks at vaccine candidates that are in development against pathogens on the 2017 WHO bacterial priority pathogen list, in addition to Clostridioides difficile and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There were 94 active preclinical vaccine candidates and 61 active development vaccine candidates. We classified the included pathogens into the following four groups: Group A consists of pathogens for which vaccines already exist-ie, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and M tuberculosis. Group B consists of pathogens with vaccines in advanced clinical development-ie, extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and C difficile. Group C consists of pathogens with vaccines in early phases of clinical development-ie, enterotoxigenic E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella spp, and Campylobacter spp. Finally, group D includes pathogens with either no candidates in clinical development or low development feasibility-ie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterobacter spp. Vaccines are already important tools in reducing antimicrobial resistance and future development will provide further opportunities to optimise the use of vaccines against resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Escherichia coli; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterococcus faecium
PubMed: 36528040
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00303-2 -
Cell Reports Jan 2022MV130 is an inactivated polybacterial mucosal vaccine that confers protection to patients against recurrent respiratory infections, including those of viral etiology....
MV130 is an inactivated polybacterial mucosal vaccine that confers protection to patients against recurrent respiratory infections, including those of viral etiology. However, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we find that intranasal prophylaxis with MV130 modulates the lung immune landscape and provides long-term heterologous protection against viral respiratory infections in mice. Intranasal administration of MV130 provides protection against systemic candidiasis in wild-type and Rag1-deficient mice lacking functional lymphocytes, indicative of innate immune-mediated protection. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of trained immunity with metformin abrogates the protection conferred by MV130 against influenza A virus respiratory infection. MV130 induces reprogramming of both mouse bone marrow progenitor cells and in vitro human monocytes, promoting an enhanced cytokine production that relies on a metabolic shift. Our results unveil that the mucosal administration of a fully inactivated bacterial vaccine provides protection against viral infections by a mechanism associated with the induction of trained immunity.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bacteria; Bacterial Vaccines; Candidiasis; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cytokines; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Influenza A virus; L Cells; Lung; Metformin; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Monocytes; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Mucosa; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines, Inactivated
PubMed: 34986349
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110184 -
Cells Nov 2022The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a difficult challenge, as underscored by the World Health Organization (WHO), which identifies AMR as one of...
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a difficult challenge, as underscored by the World Health Organization (WHO), which identifies AMR as one of the three greatest threats to human health [...].
Topics: Humans; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Anti-Bacterial Agents; World Health Organization
PubMed: 36497063
DOI: 10.3390/cells11233803 -
Toxins Sep 2017Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the flaccid paralysis of botulism by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons. There are seven serotypes of BoNT... (Review)
Review
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the flaccid paralysis of botulism by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons. There are seven serotypes of BoNT (A-G), with limited therapies, and no FDA approved vaccine for botulism. An investigational formalin-inactivated penta-serotype-BoNT/A-E toxoid vaccine was used to vaccinate people who are at high risk of contracting botulism. However, this formalin-inactivated penta-serotype-BoNT/A-E toxoid vaccine was losing potency and was discontinued. This article reviews the different vaccines being developed to replace the discontinued toxoid vaccine. These vaccines include DNA-based, viral vector-based, and recombinant protein-based vaccines. DNA-based vaccines include plasmids or viral vectors containing the gene encoding one of the BoNT heavy chain receptor binding domains (HC). Viral vectors reviewed are adenovirus, influenza virus, rabies virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus. Among the potential recombinant protein vaccines reviewed are HC, light chain-heavy chain translocation domain, and chemically or genetically inactivated holotoxin.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Botulism; Humans
PubMed: 28869493
DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090268 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Jan 2017Syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, continues to be a globally prevalent disease despite remaining susceptible to penicillin... (Review)
Review
Syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, continues to be a globally prevalent disease despite remaining susceptible to penicillin treatment. Syphilis vaccine development is a viable preventative approach that will serve to complement public health-oriented syphilis prevention, screening and treatment initiatives to deliver a two-pronged approach to stemming disease spread worldwide. Areas covered: This article provides an overview of the need for development of a syphilis vaccine, summarizes significant information that has been garnered from prior syphilis vaccine studies, discusses the critical aspects of infection that would have to be targeted by a syphilis vaccine, and presents the current understanding within the field of the correlates of protection needed to be achieved through vaccination. Expert commentary: Syphilis vaccine development should be considered a priority by industry, regulatory and funding agencies, and should be appropriately promoted and supported.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Drug Discovery; Humans; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum
PubMed: 27328030
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1203262 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde Sep 2020Vaccines were originally developed to prevent potentially deadly childhood diseases, but during the 21st century attention broadened to include prevention of infection...
Vaccines were originally developed to prevent potentially deadly childhood diseases, but during the 21st century attention broadened to include prevention of infection in all stages of life. Prevention and treatment of bacterial infections are two of the biggest public health challenges of the 21st century. A crisis threatens to arise as the ageing of the population and the associated increase in cases of life-threatening bacteraemia and healthcare-associated infection coincides with an increase in antimicrobial resistance.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Child; Cross Infection; Drug Discovery; History, 21st Century; Humans; Middle Aged
PubMed: 32940986
DOI: No ID Found