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International Journal of Toxicology Dec 2023The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed updated information that has become available since their original assessment from 2002, along with updated...
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed updated information that has become available since their original assessment from 2002, along with updated information regarding product types, and frequency and concentrations of use, and reaffirmed their original conclusion that BHT is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report.
Topics: Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Antioxidants; Cosmetics
PubMed: 37751543
DOI: 10.1177/10915818231204256 -
Methods in Cell Biology 2021Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer and as such requires disease models that are useful for identification of novel pathways for biomarkers as well as to...
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer and as such requires disease models that are useful for identification of novel pathways for biomarkers as well as to test therapeutic agents. Adenocarcinoma (ADC), the most prevalent type of lung cancer, is a subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and a disease driven mainly by smoking. However, it is also the most common subtype of lung cancer found in non-smokers with environmental exposures. Chemically driven models of lung cancer, also called primary models of lung cancer, are important because they do not overexpress or delete oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, respectively, to increase oncogenesis. Instead these models test tumor development without forcing a specific pathway (i.e., Kras). The primary focus of this chapter is to discuss a well-established 2-stage mouse model of lung adenocarcinomas. The initiator (3-methylcholanthrene, MCA) does not elicit many, if any, tumors if not followed by exposure to the tumor promoter (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT). In sensitive strains, such as A/J, FVB, and BALB, significantly greater numbers of tumors develop following the MCA/BHT protocol compared to MCA alone. BHT does not elicit tumors on its own; it is a non-genotoxic carcinogen and promoter. In these sensitive strains, promotion is also associated with inflammation characterized by infiltrating macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, and other inflammatory cell types in addition to increases in total protein content reflective of lung hyperpermeability. This 2-stage model is a useful tool to identify unique promotion specific events to then test in future intervention studies.
Topics: Animals; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Carcinogenesis; Lung; Methylcholanthrene; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 33785163
DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.07.003 -
Fertility and Sterility Sep 2016Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have... (Review)
Review
Cosmetics contain a vast number of chemicals, most of which are not under the regulatory purview of the Food and Drug Administration. Only a few of these chemicals have been evaluated for potential deleterious health impact: parabens, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and siloxanes. A review of the ingredients in the best-selling and top-rated products of the top beauty brands in the world, as well as a review of highlighted chemicals by nonprofit environmental organizations, reveals 11 chemicals and chemical families of concern: butylated hydroxyanisole/butylated hydroxytoluene, coal tar dyes, diethanolamine, formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, parabens, phthalates, 1,4-dioxane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, siloxanes, talc/asbestos, and triclosan. Age at menopause can be affected by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine disruption, failure of DNA repair, oxidative stress, shortened telomere length, and ovarian toxicity. There is a lack of available studies to make a conclusion regarding cosmetics use and age at menopause. What little data there are suggest that future studies are warranted. Women with chronic and consistent use of cosmetics across their lifespan may be a population of concern. More research is required to better elucidate the relationship and time windows of vulnerability and the effects of mixtures and combinations of products on ovarian health.
Topics: Age of Onset; Animals; Cosmetics; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Humans; Menopause; Middle Aged; Ovary; Reproduction; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 27545020
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.020 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Jul 2022Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the chemically similar butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are widely used as antioxidants. Toxicity of BHA and BHT has been reported under...
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the chemically similar butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are widely used as antioxidants. Toxicity of BHA and BHT has been reported under in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. However, the mechanism of BHA-induced toxic effects in cells is unclear. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of BHA and differences in cell death mechanism for BHA and BHT were investigated in rat thymocytes by flow cytometric analysis using a fluorescent probe. We observed a significant increase in propidium iodide fluorescence in the population of cells treated with 100 μM and 300 μM BHA (dead cells). Thymocytes treated with 100 µM BHA showed increased intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+ levels and depolarized cell membranes. BHA (30-100 µM) decreased non-protein thiol content of cells, indicating decreased glutathione content. Co-stimulation with 100 µM BHA and 300 µM H2O2 acted synergistically to increase cell lethality. Moreover, BHA significantly increased caspase-3 activity and the number of annexin-V-positive cells in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating apoptosis. However, BHT reduced caspase-3 activity and increased the number of annexin-V-negative dead cells, indicating non-apoptotic cell death. Our results reveal the toxicity of BHA could be attributed to increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ and Zn2+, resulting in an increased vulnerability of rat thymocytes to oxidative stress. In addition, we demonstrate that whereas BHA induced apoptosis, BHT induced non-apoptotic cell death in rat thymocytes. Therefore, these results may support the safety of BHA, but also demonstrate the importance of performing toxicity evaluation at the cellular level besides the tissue level.
Topics: Animals; Annexins; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Calcium; Caspase 3; Hydrogen Peroxide; Rats; Zinc
PubMed: 34013795
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1894701 -
Environmental Research Jan 2021The UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), used in cosmetics, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), used inter alia as a food additive and in...
Metabolites of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V (2014-2017).
The UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), used in cosmetics, the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), used inter alia as a food additive and in cosmetics, and the plasticizer tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), used mainly in medical devices as substitute for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are suspected to have endocrine disrupting effects. Human biomonitoring methods that allow for assessing the internal exposure of the general population to these substances were recently developed in a German cooperation to enhance the use of human biomonitoring. First-morning void urine samples from 3- to 17-year-old children and adolescents living in Germany were analysed for metabolites of 4-MBC (N = 447), BHT (N = 2091), and TOTM (N = 431) in the population-representative German Environmental Survey on Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V). 4-MBC metabolites were found in quantifiable amounts only in single cases and exposure levels remained well below health-based guidance values. In contrast, ubiquitous exposure to BHT became evident with a geometric mean (GM) urinary concentration of the metabolite BHT acid of 2.346 μg/L (1.989 μg/g) and a maximum concentration of 248 μg/L (269 μg/g). The highest GM concentration was found in young children aged 3-5 years, yet no specific sources of exposure could be identified. Also, TOTM metabolites were found in quantifiable amounts only in very few samples. None of these findings could be related to previous hospital treatment or exposure via house dust. The presented results will be the basis to derive reference values for exposure of children and adolescents in Germany to BHT and will facilitate to identify changing exposure levels in the general population.
Topics: Adolescent; Benzoates; Biological Monitoring; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Camphor; Child; Child, Preschool; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Germany; Humans; Phthalic Acids
PubMed: 33096061
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110345 -
Bundesgesundheitsblatt,... Sep 2022
Topics: Adult; Biological Monitoring; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Germany; Humans
PubMed: 36048211
DOI: 10.1007/s00103-022-03569-0 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A May 20222,6-Di--butyl-hydroxytotulene (BHT) is a widely used antioxidant in various fields. In this study, we explored comprehensively the mechanisms and kinetics of BHT...
2,6-Di--butyl-hydroxytotulene (BHT) is a widely used antioxidant in various fields. In this study, we explored comprehensively the mechanisms and kinetics of BHT degradation to produce isobutene using the density functional theory method. Furthermore, the intrinsic chemical reactivity of BHT was investigated using the electrostatic potential, average local ionization energy, and Fukui function, and the most likely reaction site with OH radical was predicted. Two initiation pathways of BHT with OH radicals were reported. The OH addition pathways at the C2 site of BHT was found more likely to occur than the pathways of H abstracts from the -butyl group due to the lower energy barrier. Rate constants of two initiation pathways were calculated by transition state theory, and they were promoted by the temperature rise. Mayer bond order and localized molecular orbitals analysis were conducted to reveal the variation of the chemical bonds in the reaction process. The tertiary butyl radical that had been generated in the OH-addition reaction was more likely to generate isobutene with the participation of oxygen. Overall, this research could help to reveal the transformation mechanism of isobutene produced by BHT degradation.
PubMed: 35549278
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01961 -
Food Chemistry Aug 2021Synthetic phenolic antioxidants can interact with peroxides produced by food. This paper reviews correlation between BHA, BHT and TBHQ metabolism and harms they cause... (Review)
Review
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants can interact with peroxides produced by food. This paper reviews correlation between BHA, BHT and TBHQ metabolism and harms they cause and provides a theoretical basis for rational use of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in food, and also put some attention on the transformation and metabolic products of PG. We introduce BHA, BHT, TBHQ, PG and their possible metabolic pathways, and discuss possible harms and their specific mechanisms responsible. Excessive addition or incorrect use of synthetic phenolic antioxidants results in carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress induction and endocrine disrupting effects, which warrant attention. BHA carcinogenicity is related to production of metabolites TBHQ and TQ, and cytotoxic effect of BHA is the main cause of apoptosis induction. BHT carcinogenicity depends on DNA damage degree, and tumour promotion is mainly related to production of quinone methylation metabolites. TBHQ carcinogenicity is related to induction of metabolite TQ and enzyme CYP1A1.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Food Additives; Humans; Hydroquinones; Phenols
PubMed: 33714793
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129488 -
Bioresource Technology Oct 2018The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the production of astaxanthin and lipids in Haematococcus pluvialis LUGU under...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the production of astaxanthin and lipids in Haematococcus pluvialis LUGU under high-light and nitrogen-deficiency conditions. Astaxanthin and lipid contents were increased by 71.13% and 10.71%, respectively, in algal cells treated with 2 mg L BHT. The maximal contents of astaxanthin and lipids were 3.17% and 46%, respectively. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of BHT were lower than in the control, and this effect involved strong activation of several antioxidases. Additionally, BHT application upregulated endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production. These results showed that this approach is useful for stimulating production of astaxanthin and lipids in H. pluvialis and that exogenous BHT induces astaxanthin and lipid production, which is responsible for the signalling molecule responses against abiotic stress conditions in H. pluvialis.
Topics: Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Chlorophyta; Light; Lipids; Nitrogen; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 29982053
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.111 -
Cryobiology Dec 2020The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of different concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in a tris-based extender on semen quality parameters...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction of different concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in a tris-based extender on semen quality parameters in post-thawed dog semen. Twenty-four ejaculates were collected from eight male Beagle dogs using an artificial vagina. Pooled semen was diluted with a tris-based extender supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM BHT, at a final concentration of 200 × 10 spermatozoa/mL. After thawing, sperm samples were assessed for motility parameters (CASA), membrane integrity (SYBR-14/PI), acrosome integrity (FITC-PNA), mitochondrial activity (JC-1/PI), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. The total motility, progressive motility, and average path velocity of the frozen-thawed sperm were significantly higher in the BHT1.5 group than in the control and the other sample groups (P < 0.05). Higher values of straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, amplitude of the lateral head displacement, and linearity were observed in the BHT1.0, BHT1.5, and BHT2.0 groups than in the control (P < 0.05). The BHT1.0 and BHT1.5 groups had higher percentages of straightness and acrosome integrity than the other groups (P < 0.05). Beat cross frequency, plasma membrane integrity, and GPx activity of the BHT1.5 and BHT2.0 groups were higher than those of the control (P < 0.05). A lower concentration of MDA was observed in the BHT1.0, BHT1.5, and BHT2.0 groups than in the control (BHT0) (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that 1.5 mM BHT is the optimal concentration for improving the post-thaw quality of canine spermatozoa.
Topics: Acrosome; Animals; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dogs; Male; Semen Analysis; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 33039371
DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.10.006