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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2020Albumin is among the most important proteins and plays a significant role in maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure, wound healing, decreasing oxidative damage,... (Review)
Review
Albumin is among the most important proteins and plays a significant role in maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure, wound healing, decreasing oxidative damage, carrying drugs and endogenous substances, and coagulation. Hypoalbuminemia is common in acute and chronic illnesses. Replenishment of albumin can be in the form of fresh frozen, frozen or cryopoor plasma, or in the form of human or canine albumin concentrates. Infusion of human albumin concentrate to healthy and critically ill dogs can induce acute and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Death has been reported. Therefore, allogenic transfusion in the form of plasma products or canine albumin concentrate is recommended.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hypoalbuminemia; Serum Albumin
PubMed: 32839002
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.005 -
The European Physical Journal. E, Soft... Sep 2023Aqueous solutions of oppositely charged macromolecules exhibit the ubiquitous phenomenon of coacervation. This subject is of considerable current interest due to...
Aqueous solutions of oppositely charged macromolecules exhibit the ubiquitous phenomenon of coacervation. This subject is of considerable current interest due to numerous biotechnological applications of coacervates and the general premise of biomolecular condensates. Towards a theoretical foundation of structural features of coacervates, we present a field-theoretic treatment of coacervates formed by uniformly charged flexible polycations and polyanions in an electrolyte solution. We delineate different regimes of polymer concentration fluctuations and structural features of coacervates based on the concentrations of polycation and polyanion, salt concentration, and experimentally observable length scales. We present closed-form formulas for correlation length of polymer concentration fluctuations, scattering structure factor, and radius of gyration of a labelled polyelectrolyte chain inside a concentrated coacervate. Using random phase approximation suitable for concentrated polymer systems, we show that the inter-monomer electrostatic interaction is screened by interpenetration of all charged polymer chains and that the screening length depends on the individual concentrations of the polycation and the polyanion, as well as the salt concentration. Our calculations show that the scattering intensity decreases monotonically with scattering wave vector at higher salt concentrations, while it exhibits a peak at intermediate scattering wave vector at lower salt concentrations. Furthermore, we predict that the dependence of the radius of gyration of a labelled chain on its degree of polymerization generally obeys the Gaussian chain statistics. However, the chain is modestly swollen, the extent of which depending on polyelectrolyte composition, salt concentration, and the electrostatic features of the polycation and polyanion such as the degree of ionization.
PubMed: 37682368
DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00335-1 -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Feb 2022Mammals and birds seek a warm environment prior to sleep, which triggers vasodilatation and body cooling. Ambient temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone suppress...
Mammals and birds seek a warm environment prior to sleep, which triggers vasodilatation and body cooling. Ambient temperatures outside the thermoneutral zone suppress sleep, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We discuss the neurocircuit interactions associated with thermal and sleep regulation that occur primarily in the hypothalamic areas. An increase in ambient temperature stimulates the median preoptic/medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus, decreases body temperature, and increases non-REM sleep. Similarly, optical stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, which contains galanin (VLPO), results in body cooling and non-REM sleep. A decrease in VLPO disrupts sleep in elderly individuals and may also be associated with reduced decline in core body temperature during sleep. However, stimulation of neurons that synthesize melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamus decreases body temperature and induces REM sleep. We also discussed the acute effect of light on sleep induction and decreased body temperature, implicated with gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neurons in the preoptic area. Further investigation is needed to determine the mechanisms that induce physiological responses in diurnal and nocturnal species. These studies will contribute to a better understanding of the association between sleep and thermoregulation.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Humans; Preoptic Area; Sleep; Sleep, REM
PubMed: 35108682
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202003 -
Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis Jun 2016Surgical bleeding has been decreasing steadily for the last 20 years, but there are still some hemorrhagic procedures occurring in scheduled surgical settings and... (Review)
Review
Surgical bleeding has been decreasing steadily for the last 20 years, but there are still some hemorrhagic procedures occurring in scheduled surgical settings and emergency procedures. The interest in potent hemostatic agents has recently focused on fibrinogen concentrates. A weak historical rationale based on the rapid decrease in fibrinogen concentration in the bleeding patient and several uncontrolled studies have prompted the use of fibrinogen concentrates in emergency units and in operating theaters. Very few positive randomized studies are available to confirm the usefulness of fibrinogen concentrates. The largest most recent double-blind studies are even negative. As recent guidelines recommend early and liberal use of fibrinogen concentrates in massive bleeding patients, this review reports the most important facts and studies on efficacy and raises some questions about safety.
Topics: Afibrinogenemia; Animals; Blood Loss, Surgical; Fibrinogen; Humans
PubMed: 27056153
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572325 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021This review was focused on expressing the effects of base liquid, temperature, possible surfactant, concentration and characteristics of nanoparticles including size,... (Review)
Review
This review was focused on expressing the effects of base liquid, temperature, possible surfactant, concentration and characteristics of nanoparticles including size, shape and material on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. An increase in nanoparticle concentration can lead to an increase in thermal conductivity and viscosity and an increase in nanoparticle size, can increase or decrease thermal conductivity, while an increase in nanoparticle size decreases the viscosity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants at low concentrations can increase thermal conductivity, but at high concentrations, surfactants help to reduce thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants can decrease the nanofluid viscosity. Increasing the temperature, increased the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid, while decreasing its viscosity. Additionally, the effects of material of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of a nanofluid need further investigations. In the case of hybrid nanofluids, it was observed that nanofluids with two different particles have the same trend of behavior as nanofluids with single particles in the regard to changes in temperature and concentration. Additionally, the level of accuracy of existing theoretical models for thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids was examined.
PubMed: 33800374
DOI: 10.3390/ma14051291 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020Platelet cryopreservation has been investigated for several decades as an alternative to room temperature storage of platelet concentrates. The use of dimethylsulfoxide... (Review)
Review
Platelet cryopreservation has been investigated for several decades as an alternative to room temperature storage of platelet concentrates. The use of dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant has improved platelet storage and cryopreserved concentrates can be kept at -80 °C for two years. Cryopreserved platelets can serve as emergency backup to support stock crises or to disburden difficult logistic areas like rural or military regions. Cryopreservation significantly influences platelet morphology, decreases platelet activation and severely abrogates platelet aggregation. Recent data indicate that cryopreserved platelets have a procoagulant phenotype because thrombin and fibrin formation kicks in earlier compared to room temperature stored platelets. This happens both in static and hydrodynamic conditions. In a clinical setting, low 1-h post transfusion recoveries of cryopreserved platelets represent fast clearance from circulation which may be explained by changes to the platelet GPIbα receptor. Cryopreservation splits the concentrate in two platelet subpopulations depending on GPIbα expression levels. Further research is needed to unravel its physiological importance. Proving clinical efficacy of cryopreserved platelets is difficult because of the heterogeneity of indications and the ambiguity of outcome measures. The procoagulant character of cryopreserved platelets has increased interest for use in trauma stressing the need for double-blinded randomized clinical trials in actively bleeding patients.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Blood Specimen Collection; Cryopreservation; Fibrin; Humans; Platelet Aggregation; Thrombin
PubMed: 32023815
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030935 -
Journal of Lipid Research Oct 2016An elevated plasma concentration of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Life style modification and currently available... (Review)
Review
An elevated plasma concentration of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Life style modification and currently available drugs either fail to effectively lower plasma Lp(a) levels or do not result in clinical benefit. However, lipoprotein apheresis is very efficient in decreasing Lp(a) concentrations. A single apheresis session can acutely decrease Lp(a) by approximately 60-75%, and apheresis performed weekly or biweekly results in considerably decreased mean interval concentrations (approximately 25-40% reduction). While most apheresis systems (heparin-induced extracorporeal LDL precipitation, direct adsorption of lipoproteins, lipoprotein apheresis with dextran-sulfate, lipid filtration, immunoadsorption) decrease LDL and Lp(a), Lipopac is specific and only decreases Lp(a). Lp(a) apheresis is expensive and time consuming, but associated with very few side effects. Two randomized controlled trials give conflicting consults with respect to the effect on angiographic changes. Retrospective analyses indicate that regular apheresis translates into clinical benefit in patients with elevated Lp(a), but adequate randomized controlled trials are lacking.
Topics: Blood Component Removal; Dextran Sulfate; Humans; Lipoprotein(a); Lipoproteins, LDL; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 26889050
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R056549 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Nov 2022Albuterol by inhalation (IH) is a common treatment for hyperkalemia in humans but its effect on blood potassium concentrations in dogs is unknown.
BACKGROUND
Albuterol by inhalation (IH) is a common treatment for hyperkalemia in humans but its effect on blood potassium concentrations in dogs is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
Determine whether albuterol (IH) decreases blood potassium concentrations in healthy normokalemic dogs and if effects are dose-dependent.
ANIMALS
Ten healthy dogs.
METHODS
Prospective, crossover experimental study. Albuterol sulfate was administered at a low-dose (90 μg) in phase I and, 7 days later, high-dose (450 μg) in phase II. Blood potassium and glucose concentrations (measured via blood gas analyzer) and heart rates were obtained at baseline and then 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 360 minutes after inhaler actuation.
RESULTS
Blood potassium concentrations decreased rapidly after albuterol delivery with a significant reduction compared to baseline within 30 minutes in both phases (P = .05). The potassium nadir concentration of phase I occurred at 60 minutes (mean, SD; 4.07 mmol/L, 0.4) and was significantly decreased from baseline, (4.30 mmol/L, 0.3; t(9) = 2.40, P = .04). The potassium nadir concentration of phase II occurred at 30 minutes (mean, SD; 3.96 mmol/L, 0.39) and was also significantly decreased from baseline, (4.33 mmol/L, 0.4; t(9) = 2.22, P = .05). The potassium nadir concentration decreased by 0.1 mmol/L for each 10 μg/kg increase in dose of albuterol (P = .01). Five dogs had ≥1 hyperglycemic measurement (ie, >112 mg/dL). No median heart rate was tachycardic nor was any mean blood glucose concentration hyperglycemic at any time point.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Albuterol IH decreases blood potassium concentrations in a dose-dependent manner without clinically meaningful alterations to heart rate or blood glucose concentrations in healthy dogs. The mean decrease in potassium concentration at the high-dose of albuterol was modest (0.38 mmol/L).
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Albuterol; Potassium; Prospective Studies; Blood Glucose; Hyperkalemia; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36178135
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16552 -
Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology Apr 2019Uncontrolled bleeding in trauma secondary to a combination of surgical bleeding and trauma-induced complex coagulopathy is a leading cause of death. Prothrombin complex... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Uncontrolled bleeding in trauma secondary to a combination of surgical bleeding and trauma-induced complex coagulopathy is a leading cause of death. Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs), recombinant activated factor seven (rFVIIa) and recombinant human prothrombin act as procoagulants by increasing thrombin generation and fibrinogen concentrate aids stable clot formation. This review summarizes the current evidence for procoagulant use in the management of bleeding in trauma, and data and evidence gaps for routine clinical use.
RECENT FINDINGS
Retrospective and prospective studies of PCCs (±fibrinogen concentrate) have demonstrated a decreased time to correction of trauma coagulopathy and decreased red cell transfusion with no obvious effect on mortality or thromboembolic outcomes. PCCs in a porcine model of dilutional coagulopathy demonstrated a sustained increase in thrombin generation, unlike recombinant human prothrombin which showed a transient increase and has been studied only in animals. In other retrospective studies, there is a suggestion that lower doses of PCCs may be effective in the setting of acquired coagulopathy.
SUMMARY
There is increasing evidence that early correction of coagulopathy has survival benefits, and the use of procoagulants as first-line therapy has the potential benefit of rapid access and timely treatment. This requires confirmation in prospective studies.
Topics: Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Factors; Coagulants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Factor VIIa; Hemorrhage; Humans; Prothrombin; Recombinant Proteins; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Wounds, Nonpenetrating; Wounds, Penetrating
PubMed: 30817396
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000696 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2023A comprehensive study on the effect of mineral content on milk foaming properties was conducted. Samples with increased mineral concentration were prepared by adding...
A comprehensive study on the effect of mineral content on milk foaming properties was conducted. Samples with increased mineral concentration were prepared by adding four different types of minerals (KHPO, KCit, CaCl and MgCl) at three different concentration levels (5, 10 and 20 mM) in both reconstituted skim milk powder and milk protein concentrate. Samples with reduced minerals were prepared by reconstituting milk protein concentrate in modified simulated milk ultrafiltrates. Different mineral types showed different effects on the physicochemical properties of milk samples. The addition of KCit increased the viscosity and decreased the surface tension while there were no significant differences between the samples added with KHPO, MgCl or CaCl. In terms of foaming properties, the addition of CaCl or MgCl significantly increased the foam strength and stability while decreasing foamability. In contrast, the addition of KCit significantly decreased foam stability and foam strength while increasing foamability. It was also found that reduction in minerals in the range studied did not affect the foaming properties of milk. These results indicate that the effect of minerals on milk foaming properties depends on the type of mineral and the concentration. This provides an insight that while designing dairy-based food products, the mineral content can be manipulated to achieve the desired foaming properties.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Chloride; Milk; Milk Proteins; Minerals
PubMed: 37254381
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112796