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Journal of Dairy Science Mar 2017Previous studies reported that addition of KCO to high-concentrate diets improved milk fat synthesis, although the mechanism is yet to be established. The objective of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Previous studies reported that addition of KCO to high-concentrate diets improved milk fat synthesis, although the mechanism is yet to be established. The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), cation source, and buffering ability of the mineral supplement on rumen biohydrogenation of fatty acids and production performance in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. Thirty-five early-lactation Holstein cows (25 multiparous ruminally fistulated and 10 primiparous nonfistulated) were used in a randomized complete block design (7 blocks) with 33-d periods, including a 5-d pre-treatment collection period used as a covariate. Diets were (1) control, a basal diet [47% nonfibrous carbohydrates, DCAD (Na + K - Cl - S) = 65 mEq/kg of dry matter (DM)] containing 40% forage (including 60% corn silage) and 60% concentrate, (2) KCO (control + KCO, 1.8% of DM, DCAD = 326 mEq/kg of DM), (3) KHCO (control + KHCO, 2.6% of DM, DCAD = 324 mEq/kg of DM), (4) KCl (control + KCl, 2.0% of DM, DCAD = 64 mEq/kg of DM), and (5) NaCO (control + NaCO, 1.4% of DM, DCAD = 322 mEq/kg of DM). Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts were used to assess the effects of KCO (control vs. KCO), buffering ability (KCO vs. KHCO), DCAD (KCO vs. KCl), and cation type (KCO vs. NaCO). Supplementing KCO in a high-concentrate diet did not improve milk fat yield or 4% fat-corrected milk yield. Milk fat concentration was greater in cows fed KCO compared with control (4.03 vs. 3.26%). Milk yield tended to decrease (34.5 vs. 38.8 kg/d) and lactose yield decreased in cows fed KCO as compared with KCl (1.64 vs. 1.87 kg/d). Milk fat concentration of trans-10 18:1 was increased when cows were fed NaCO as compared with KCO. A positive relationship was observed between concentrations of anteiso 15:0 and trans-10,cis-12 18:2 in milk fat from cows receiving KCO. Milk Na concentration was increased, whereas milk Cl was decreased with KCO as compared with KHCO or KCl. A positive relationship was established between milk Cl concentration and milk yield (R = 0.34) across all dietary treatments. Cation-anion difference (Na + K - Cl - S) in ruminal fluid was increased with KCO as compared with control or KCl. Blood pH tended to decrease in cows fed KCl compared with KCO. Our results suggest that mineral supplementation tends to affect milk and milk fat synthesis and that factors other than DCAD, potassium ion, or buffer ability may be implicated. The variations observed in mineral composition of milk suggest an allostatic process to maintain an ionic equilibrium in mammary epithelial cells in response to mineral composition of the diet.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cations; Cattle; Diet; Female; Lactation; Milk
PubMed: 28041737
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11776 -
Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical... Feb 2018Structural and functional changes in platelets during storage can lead to the loss of platelet reactivity and response. Our aim was to evaluate leukocyte-depleted...
Structural and functional changes in platelets during storage can lead to the loss of platelet reactivity and response. Our aim was to evaluate leukocyte-depleted platelet concentrates on storage days 0, 3 and 5, obtained by in-line filtration. In non-filtered platelet concentrates (NF-PC) group, 180 whole blood units were collected with quadruple blood bags and then compared to another group of 180 whole blood units (leukocyte-depleted platelet concentrates [LD-PC]), collected in Imuflex Whole Blood Filter Saving Platelets (WB-SP) bags with an integrated leukoreduction filter, with regard to the platelet quality and characteristics. The efficacy of the two techniques for platelet concentrate preparation was evaluated by white blood cell (WBC) and platelet count on day 0. The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), pH, platelets positive for P-selectin (CD62P), CD63, cluster of differentiation 42b (CD42b), phosphatidylserine (PS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were analyzed during the storage in both groups. A significantly lower WBC count and higher platelet count was observed in LD-PC compared to NF-PC group, indicating the overall efficacy of the first technique. During the 5-day storage, pH and pO2 decreased in both groups. In LD-PC group, higher pH, increased pO2 and decreased platelet surface expression of CD62P, CD63 and PS were observed compared to NF-PC group. In both groups, the percentage of CD42b positive platelets and MMP did not change significantly during the 5-day period. The assessment of different markers of platelet activation may be an effective tool in evaluating the quality of platelets during storage. A better understanding of platelet activation may provide new insights for developing a novel therapeutic approach in the manipulation of platelet aggregation.
Topics: Antigens, CD; Blood Preservation; Filtration; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Oxygen; Phosphatidylserines; Platelet Activation; Platelet Count; Platelet Transfusion
PubMed: 28926321
DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.2321 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Aug 2017Jujube extract was concentrated by various heating methods including vacuum, microwave and conventional heating. The effect of concentration methods and storage time...
Jujube extract was concentrated by various heating methods including vacuum, microwave and conventional heating. The effect of concentration methods and storage time (for 90 days at 4 °C) on total phenolic and total monomeric anthocyanin contents, individual anthocyanins, individual organic acids, and color values of jujube concentrate was investigated separately. The desired level of concentration (65.0 °Brix) was achieved in 45, 96 and 117 min by the microwave, vacuum and conventional heating methods, respectively. The concentrate obtained with microwave method had the highest total phenolic content (159.32 mg GAE/g DW) and total monomeric anthocyanin content (48.84 mg cyn-3-glu/100 g DW) in comparison to the other methods at the beginning of storage. Hunter color parameters (, and ) decreased significantly with increasing the time of storage in all cases; however, this effect was more obvious in the vacuum heating. Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside was determined as the major anthocyanin in all concentrates, while its degradation was more pronounced in the conventional heating (25.59%) comparing to the microwave (11.14%) and vacuum methods (17.59%) during the 90-day storage. The jujube concentrate prepared with the microwave method had the highest organic acid contents (e.g. malic, citric, succinic and ascorbic acids) as compared to the other methods. Thus, according to the results, the heating method and storage time had significant effects on the bioactive compounds and color values of jujube concentrate. In general, microwave energy could be successfully used in production of jujube concentrate followed by 90-day storage.
PubMed: 28928535
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2733-2 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jul 2021Short-term imbalances of dietary nutrients occur during natural fluctuations in roughage quality (e.g. on pasture) or temporal shortages of supplementary feed...
Short-term imbalances of dietary nutrients occur during natural fluctuations in roughage quality (e.g. on pasture) or temporal shortages of supplementary feed components. In contrast to a deficiency, macronutrients (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) beyond the adequate supply with other nutrients may, for instance, alter milk composition, increase BW or result in a greater excretion of nitrogen. Especially dairy cows with a moderate performance, in mid- or late lactation, or in extensive farming systems may be exposed to imbalanced rations. A better understanding of metabolic and endocrine responses depending on macronutrient supply may help to precisely feed dairy cows. The present study investigated short-term metabolic and endocrine responses to different levels of concentrates formulated to particularly provide one major macronutrient source (carbohydrates, proteins or lipids). Based on parity number, lactational stage, milk yield and BW, nine mid-lactating cows (211 ± 19 days in milk) were grouped into three blocks of three animals each. Concentrates (aminogenic: rich in CP and nitrogen sources; glucogenic: high content of carbohydrates and glucogenic precursors; lipogenic: high lipid content) were fed in addition to hay in a factorial arrangement at increasing levels from 2.5 to 7.5 kg/d during 9 d. Milk yield, BW and feed intake were recorded daily. Blood and milk were sampled every 3 d at the end of each concentrate level. Milk fat, protein, lactose and urea contents were determined. In blood, concentrations of various metabolites, endocrine factors and enzyme activities (e.g. glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucagon, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and glutamate dehydrogenase activity (GLDH)) were measured. Milk yield, milk composition and BW were not affected by type and level of concentrates. Feed intake increased in cows with greater amounts of the aminogenic and lipogenic concentrate compared with the glucogenic concentrate. Milk and plasma urea concentrations were elevated in the aminogenic and to a lesser extent in the lipogenic treatment compared with the glucogenic treatment. Glucose concentrations in plasma were not affected by treatments, whereas insulin and glucagon increased, and NEFA concentrations decreased only in cows fed 7.5 kg/d aminogenic concentrate compared with the glucogenic and lipogenic treatment. Activities of ASAT, GGT and GLDH as well as the total antioxidant capacity were not affected by diets. In conclusion, immediate metabolic and endocrine responses were observed due to the short-term dietary changes. Particularly, a surplus of nitrogen supply via the aminogenic diet affected metabolic responses and stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Female; Lactation; Milk; Nutrients; Pregnancy; Rumen
PubMed: 34182225
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100306 -
Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the... Feb 2016There is a need to accurately detect, characterize, and quantify nanoparticles in suspensions. This study helps to understand the complex interactions between similar...
There is a need to accurately detect, characterize, and quantify nanoparticles in suspensions. This study helps to understand the complex interactions between similar types of nanoparticles. Before initiating a study of metal nanoparticles, five submicron PS beads with sizes between 200 nm and 1 µm were used to derive a reference scale that was useful in evaluating the flow cytometer for functionality, sensitivity, resolution, and reproducibility. Side scatter intensity (SSC) from metal nanoparticles was obtained simultaneously from 405 nm and 488 nm lasers. The 405 nm laser generally yielded histogram distributions with smaller CVs, less side scatter intensity, better separation indices between beads and decreased scatter differences between different sized particles compared with the 488 nm laser. Submicron particles must be diluted to 10(6) and 10(7) particles/mL before flow cytometer analysis to avoid coincidence counting artifacts. When particles were too concentrated the following occurred: swarm, electronic overload, coincidence counting, activation of doublet discrimination and rejection circuitry, increase of mean SSC histogram distributions, alterations of SSC and pulse width histogram shape, decrease and fluctuations in counting rate and decrease or elimination of particulate water noise and 1 µm reference bead. To insure that the concentrations were in the proper counting range, the nanoparticle samples were mixed with a known concentration of 1 µm counting beads. Sequential dilutions of metal nanoparticles in a 1 µm counting bead suspension helped determine the diluted concentration needed for flow cytometer analysis. It was found that the original concentrated nanoparticle samples had to be diluted, between 1:10,000 and 1:100,000, before characterization by flow cytometry. The concentration of silver or gold nanoparticles in the undiluted sample were determined by comparing them with a known concentration (1.9 × 10(6) beads/mL) of 1 µm polystyrene reference beads.
Topics: Flow Cytometry; Gold; Lasers; Metal Nanoparticles; Microspheres; Particle Size; Reference Standards; Silver
PubMed: 26619039
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22793 -
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal... Apr 2016The objective of study was to evaluate the effect of forage concentration (F:C) and forage particle length (FPL) on sorting, feeding behaviour, intake, growth and body...
The objective of study was to evaluate the effect of forage concentration (F:C) and forage particle length (FPL) on sorting, feeding behaviour, intake, growth and body measurements of growing calves. Twenty-eight weaned calves of body weight 156.79 ± 33.44 (mean ± SD) were used in 2 × 2 factorial arrangements with the factors FPL of hay grass (full and short) and hay grass concentrations (low, 50% and high, 65%). The treatments were as follows: full length (FL) with low F:C (50:50), FL with high F:C(65:35), short length (SL) with low F:C (50:50) and SL with high F:C (65:35). Increasing F:C and decreasing FPL enhanced sorting for short and fine particle and sorting against long particle (p < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was decreased by decreasing the FPL (p < 0.05). Increasing F:C (65:35) increased the DMI (p < 0.05). A positive interaction between FPL and F:C was found for (daily weight gain) DWG, weight gain (WG) and feed conversation ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). In case of feeding behaviour, interaction for eating time and eating time per kilogram DM was present. Increasing the F:C increased the eating time in both FL and SL (p < 0.05). Chopping of hay had decreased the chewing time (p < 0.05). Increasing F:C increased chewing time per kilogram DMI. High F:C decreased the lying time (p < 0.05) in FL and SL treatments (p < 0.05). Increasing F:C reduced the overall abnormal behaviour (p < 0.05). These results suggested that animals performed better at higher F:C at SL diet. Intensity of sorting for short and fine particle and against long particle increased at higher F:C and SL diets. Eating time and eating time per kilogram DMI increased by increasing F:C level in both FL and SL treatments. Chewing time increased by increasing the FPL, while increasing the F:C enhanced the chewing time per kilogram DMI and reduced animal's abnormal behaviour.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Male; Particle Size
PubMed: 26010423
DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12349 -
Harmful Algae Mar 2023The primary management strategy for minimizing harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Lake Erie has been to reduce springtime loading of phosphorus (P) to the lake. However,...
The primary management strategy for minimizing harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Lake Erie has been to reduce springtime loading of phosphorus (P) to the lake. However, some studies have shown that the growth rate and toxin content for the HABs-causing cyanobacterium Microcystis also respond to the availability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N). This evidence is based on both observational studies that correlate bloom development with changes in N forms and concentrations in the lake, and experiments in which P and/or N are added at concentrations in excess of those present in the lake. The goal of this study was to determine whether a combined decrease in N and P concentrations from ambient levels in Lake Erie could limit the development of HABs more than a reduction in P concentration only. To directly test the impact of P-only versus dual N and P concentration decreases on phytoplankton in the western basin of Lake Erie, we evaluated changes in growth rate, community composition, and microcystin (MC) concentration through eight bioassay experiments performed from June through October 2018, which encompassed the normal Lake Erie Microcystis-dominated HAB season. Our results showed that during the first five experiments covering June 25 to August 13, the P-only and the dual N and P decrease treatments had similar effects. However, when ambient N became scarce later in the season, the N and P decrease treatments resulted in negative growth rates for cyanobacteria, whereas -P only decreases did not. During low ambient N conditions, dual nutrient decreases lowered the prevalence of cyanobacteria among the total phytoplankton community and decreased microcystin concentrations. The results presented here complement previous experimental work on Lake Erie and suggest that dual nutrient control could be an effective management strategy to decrease microcystin production during the bloom and even possibly diminish or shorten the duration of the bloom based on creating nutrient limiting conditions sooner in the HAB growing season.
Topics: Phytoplankton; Lakes; Microcystins; Cyanobacteria; Microcystis
PubMed: 36894205
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102382 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Nov 2023Increased ruminal butyrate production is considered to have mostly positive impacts on rumen macro- and microanatomy and its functions. However, excessive ruminal...
Increased ruminal butyrate production is considered to have mostly positive impacts on rumen macro- and microanatomy and its functions. However, excessive ruminal butyrate production may also affect the rumen negatively. Forty-two growing rams were allocated into six treatments and fed a diet with low (22.5% of diet DM; LOW) or high (60% of diet DM; HIGH) inclusion of concentrates in combination with no, low (1.6% of diet DM) or high (3.2% of diet DM) sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation to obtain low or high reticuloruminal (RR) pH with different concentrations of butyrate. Both absolute (L/day) and relative (% of BW) water intake increased linearly with increasing dose of SB (P ≤ 0.02). The RR fluid pH was lower for HIGH compared to LOW treatments (P < 0.01) but was not affected by SB supplementation (P = 0.35). Total short-chain fatty acid concentration, propionate and valerate concentrations in the RR fluid were higher for HIGH compared to LOW treatments (P ≤ 0.01), but were not affected by SB supplementation (P ≥ 0.22). Reticuloruminal butyrate was higher for HIGH compared to LOW treatments and increased linearly with increasing dose of SB (P < 0.01). High concentrate inclusion in the diet (P < 0.01) decreased and SB supplementation tended to (P = 0.10) decrease fibrolytic activity in the RR. Increasing doses of SB linearly decreased acetate, isovalerate and NH-N concentrations in RR fluid, and RR digesta DM weight (g DM/kg BW; P ≤ 0.02). Relative RR and rumen tissue weights (g/kg BW) were higher for LOW compared to HIGH (P ≤ 0.03) treatments but were not affected by SB inclusion in the diet (P ≥ 0.35). Also, there was no impact of concentrates or SB inclusion in the diet on ruminal epithelium DM weight (mg/cm), either in the ventral or dorsal sac of the rumen (P ≥ 0.14). Under conditions of the current study, SB supplementation in the diet decreased RR digesta DM concentration and weight, acetate, isovalerate and NH-N concentration in the RR fluid, and tended to reduce fibrolytic activity in the RR. At least part of this response could be due to increased intake of water, and consequently passage of digesta from the RR to lower regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Male; Butyric Acid; Fermentation; Animal Feed; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Diet; Acetates; Sheep, Domestic; Dietary Supplements; Rumen; Digestion
PubMed: 37558584
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100899 -
European Journal of Applied Physiology Dec 2016Regular exercise protects against degenerative joint disorders, yet the mechanisms that underlie these benefits are poorly understood. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is...
INTRODUCTION
Regular exercise protects against degenerative joint disorders, yet the mechanisms that underlie these benefits are poorly understood. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is widely implicated in the onset and progression of degenerative joint disease.
PURPOSE
To examine the effect of running on knee intra-articular and circulating markers of inflammation and cartilage turnover in healthy men and women.
METHODS
Six recreational runners completed a running (30 min) and control (unloaded for 30 min) session in a counterbalanced order. Synovial fluid (SF) and serum samples were taken before and after each session. Cytokine concentration was measured in SF and serum using a multiplexed cytokine magnetic bead array. Ground reaction forces were measured during the run.
RESULTS
There were no changes in serum or SF cytokine concentration in the control condition. The cytokine GM-CSF decreased from 10.7 ± 9.8 to 6.2 ± 5.9 pg/ml pre- to post-run (p = 0.03). IL-15 showed a trend for decreasing concentration pre- (6.7 ± 7.5 pg/ml) to post-run (4.3 ± 2.7 pg/ml) (p = 0.06). Changes in IL-15 concentration negatively correlated with the mean number of foot strikes during the run (r = 0.67; p = 0.047). The control condition induced a decrease in serum COMP and an increase in SF COMP, while conversely the run induced an increase in serum COMP and a decrease in SF COMP. Changes in serum and SF COMP pre- to post-intervention were inversely correlated (r = 0.47; p = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Running appears to decrease knee intra-articular pro-inflammatory cytokine concentration and facilitates the movement of COMP from the joint space to the serum.
Topics: Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein; Cartilage, Articular; Cytokines; Down-Regulation; Female; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Knee Joint; Male; Pilot Projects; Running; Synovial Fluid; Young Adult
PubMed: 27699484
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3474-z -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021Wine aroma represents one of the main properties that determines the consumer acceptance of the wine. It is different for each wine variety and depends on a large number...
Wine aroma represents one of the main properties that determines the consumer acceptance of the wine. It is different for each wine variety and depends on a large number of various chemical compounds. The aim of this study was to prepare red wine concentrates with enriched aroma compounds and chemical composition. For that purpose, Cabernet Sauvignon red wine variety was concentrated by reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) processes under different operating conditions. Different pressures (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 MPa) and temperature regimes (with and without cooling) were applied on Alfa Laval LabUnit M20 equipped with six composite polyamide RO98pHt M20 or NF M20 membranes. Higher pressure increased the retention of sugars, SO, total and volatile acids and ethanol, but the temperature increment had opposite effect. Both membranes were permeable for water, ethanol, acetic acid, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol and their concentration decreased after wine filtration. RO98pHt membranes retained higher concentrations of total aroma compounds than NF membranes, but both processes, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, resulted in retentates with different aroma profiles comparing to the initial wine. The retention of individual compounds depended on several factors (chemical structure, stability, polarity, applied processing parameters, etc.).
Topics: Alcoholic Beverages; Ethanol; Filtration; Humans; Odorants; Osmosis; Vitis; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wine
PubMed: 33562235
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040874