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Biochimie Oct 2015Long non protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a large category of the RNA world, able to regulate different biological processes. In this review we are focusing on... (Review)
Review
Long non protein coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a large category of the RNA world, able to regulate different biological processes. In this review we are focusing on infectious lncRNAs, their classification, pathogenesis and impact on the infected organisms. Here they are presented in two separate groups: 'dependent lncRNAs' (comprising satellites RNA, Hepatitis D virus and lncRNAs of viral origin) which need a helper virus and 'independent lncRNAs' (viroids) that can self-replicate. Even though these lncRNA do not encode any protein, their structure and/or sequence comprise all the necessary information to drive specific interactions with host factors and regulate several cellular functions. These new data that have emerged during the last few years concerning lncRNAs modify the way we understand molecular biology's 'central dogma' and give new perspectives for applications and potential therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Genome, Viral; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Viral; Viroids; Virus Replication
PubMed: 25986218
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.05.005 -
Current Opinion in Virology Dec 2018Particles containing degenerate forms of the viral genome which interfere with virus replication and are non-replicative per se are known as defective interfering... (Review)
Review
Particles containing degenerate forms of the viral genome which interfere with virus replication and are non-replicative per se are known as defective interfering particles (DIPs). DIPs are likely to be produced upon infection by any virus in vitro and in nature. Until recently, roles of these non-viable particles as members of a multi-component viral system have been overlooked. In this review, we cover the most recent studies that shed light on critical roles of DIPs during the course of infection, including: the modulation of virus replication, innate immune responses, disease outcome and virus persistence, as well as the evolution of the viral population. Together, these reports allow us to conceive a more complete picture of the virion population, and highlight the fact that DIPs are not a negligible subset of this population but instead can greatly influence the fate of infection.
Topics: Defective Viruses; Evolution, Molecular; Genetics, Population; Population Dynamics; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 30099321
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.07.014 -
Liver International : Official Journal... Feb 2020Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective pathogen that needs hepatitis B virus (HBV) for infection. Co-infection of HBsAg-positive individuals with HDV is commonly... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective pathogen that needs hepatitis B virus (HBV) for infection. Co-infection of HBsAg-positive individuals with HDV is commonly associated with a more rapid progression to cirrhosis, a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and increased mortality. Initial studies have shown that about 5% of chronic HBV carriers worldwide (15-20 millions) were also infected with HDV. However, recent studies suggest that the prevalence of HDV is at least two- to three-fold higher than previous estimations. Improved diagnostic techniques have shown that HDV infection remains endemic in certain areas of the world. Injection drug users, individuals with high-risk sexual behaviour and patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represent the major reservoir of the disease in the Western world. Although the burden of HDV infection significantly decreased in Europe in the nineties, there has been no further decrease in the last decade, probably because of migration from HDV endemic countries. Until new and more effective therapies are available, public health measures should be reinforced by increasing prophylactic HBV vaccination programs, preventing transmission of the virus among parenteral drug users and implementing universal HDV screening of all HBV-infected individuals.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Coinfection; Europe; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Prevalence
PubMed: 32077599
DOI: 10.1111/liv.14357 -
Journal of Medical Virology Sep 2023Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease affecting the urinary system and is regulated by several carcinogenic factors. Viral infection is one such factor that has... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease affecting the urinary system and is regulated by several carcinogenic factors. Viral infection is one such factor that has attracted extensive attention in BC. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and although multiple researchers have explored the role of HPV in BC, a consensus has not yet been reached. In addition, HPV-associated viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, BK virus, and JC virus) appear to be responsible for the occurrence and progression of BC. This study systematically reviews the relationship between HPV-associated viruses and BC to elucidate the role of these viruses in the onset and progression of BC. In addition, the study aims to provide a greater insight into the biology of HPV-associated viruses, and assess potential strategies for treating virus-induced BC. The study additionally focuses on the rapid development of oncolytic viruses that provide a potentially novel option for the treatment of BC.
Topics: Humans; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Satellite Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; BK Virus
PubMed: 37706751
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29088 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Sep 2020Hepatitis D virus causes chronic hepatitis D. The virus is defective, meaning it requires simultaneous presence of hepatitis B virus within the hepatocytes to complete... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis D virus causes chronic hepatitis D. The virus is defective, meaning it requires simultaneous presence of hepatitis B virus within the hepatocytes to complete its viral cycle. Globally, 15 to 20 millions people are estimated to be chronically co-infected by hepatitis B and D viruses. Current therapy remains limited to pegylated interferon alfa, which has an unsatisfactory success rate, several contraindications and many side effects. Drugs directly targeting the hepatitis D virus life cycle are being developed with promising results. These drugs target viral entry into hepatocytes, virion assembly or secretion from infected hepatocytes. This article provides an overview of the newly developed therapies and their efficacy.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis D, Chronic; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Interferon-alpha
PubMed: 32880108
DOI: No ID Found -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Nov 2015This work reviews specific related aspects of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) reproduction, including virion structure, the RNA genome, the mode of genome replication, the... (Review)
Review
This work reviews specific related aspects of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) reproduction, including virion structure, the RNA genome, the mode of genome replication, the delta antigens, and the assembly of HDV using the envelope proteins of its helper virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV). These topics are considered with perspectives ranging from a history of discovery through to still-unsolved problems. HDV evolution, virus entry, and associated pathogenic potential and treatment of infections are considered in other articles in this collection.
Topics: Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26525452
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021568 -
Journal of Viral Hepatitis Apr 2023Hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes one of the most severe forms of hepatitis in people with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Timely and accurate assessment of hepatitis... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes one of the most severe forms of hepatitis in people with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Timely and accurate assessment of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and disease stratification is mandatory for thorough pre-therapeutic evaluation for prioritizing treatment and outcome prediction. Viral biomarkers associated with HDV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are crucial to aid in diagnosis, and monitoring of serum viral nucleic acids for both viruses is recommended. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for staging of liver fibrosis and grading of histological activity and should remain central for diagnostic purposes, but is also of importance for research to enhance our understanding of HDV. The emergence of novel non-invasive tests for the assessment of liver fibrosis in HDV patients coupled with the well-recognized potential complications of liver biopsy has resulted in reduced utility of liver biopsy in clinical practice. Preliminary data suggest that these emerging non-invasive modalities appear to be reliable, and their use is supported, similar to other viral hepatitis. Nevertheless, further validation is required before their widespread adoption into clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Liver Cirrhosis; Hepatitis D
PubMed: 36458851
DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13777 -
Viruses Jan 2023Vaccination has been confirmed to be the safest and, sometimes, the only tool of defense against threats from infectious diseases. The successful history of vaccination... (Review)
Review
Vaccination has been confirmed to be the safest and, sometimes, the only tool of defense against threats from infectious diseases. The successful history of vaccination is evident in the control of serious viral infections, such as smallpox and polio. Viruses that infect human livers are known as hepatitis viruses and are classified into five major types from A to E, alphabetically. Although infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is known to be self-resolving after rest and symptomatic treatment, there were 7134 deaths from HAV worldwide in 2016. In 2019, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulted in an estimated 820,000 and 290,000 deaths, respectively. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite virus that depends on HBV for producing its infectious particles in order to spread. The combination of HDV and HBV infection is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another orally transmitted virus, common in low- and middle-income countries. In 2015, it caused 44,000 deaths worldwide. Safe and effective vaccines are already available to prevent hepatitis A and B. Here, we review the recent advances in protective vaccines against the five major hepatitis viruses.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis Viruses; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Vaccines
PubMed: 36680254
DOI: 10.3390/v15010214 -
Viruses Apr 2021Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) lies in between satellite viruses and viroids, as its unique molecular characteristics and life cycle cannot categorize it according to the... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) lies in between satellite viruses and viroids, as its unique molecular characteristics and life cycle cannot categorize it according to the standard taxonomy norms for viruses. Being a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV), HDV requires HBV envelope glycoproteins for its infection cycle and its transmission. HDV pathogenesis varies and depends on the mode of HDV and HBV infection; a simultaneous HDV and HBV infection will lead to an acute hepatitis that will resolve spontaneously in the majority of patients, whereas an HDV super-infection of a chronic HBV carrier will mainly result in the establishment of a chronic HDV infection that may progress towards cirrhosis, liver decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With this review, we aim to unravel Ariadne's thread into the labyrinth of acute and chronic HDV infection pathogenesis and will provide insights into the complexity of this exciting topic by detailing the different players and mechanisms that shape the clinical outcome.
Topics: Animals; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Coinfection; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis delta Antigens; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Mice; RNA, Viral; Satellite Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33924806
DOI: 10.3390/v13050778 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jan 2016Members of the family Hepadnaviridae fall into two subgroups: mammalian and avian. The detection of endogenous avian hepadnavirus DNA integrated into the genomes of... (Review)
Review
Members of the family Hepadnaviridae fall into two subgroups: mammalian and avian. The detection of endogenous avian hepadnavirus DNA integrated into the genomes of zebra finches has revealed a deep evolutionary origin of hepadnaviruses that was not previously recognized, dating back at least 40 million and possibly >80 million years ago. The nonprimate mammalian members of the Hepadnaviridae include the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), the ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and arctic squirrel hepatitis virus, as well as a number of members of the recently described bat hepatitis virus. The identification of hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) in higher primates, such as chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbons that cluster with the human HBV, as well as a number of recombinant forms between humans and primates, further implies a more complex origin of this virus. We discuss the current theories of the origin and evolution of HBV and propose a model that includes cross-species transmissions and subsequent recombination events on a genetic backbone of genotype C HBV infection. The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus requiring the presence of the HBV for the completion of its life cycle. The origins of this virus remain unknown, although some recent studies have suggested an ancient African radiation. The age of the association between HDV and HBV is also unknown.
Topics: Animals; Coinfection; Evolution, Molecular; Fossils; Genome, Viral; Hepadnaviridae; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Zoonoses
PubMed: 26729756
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021360