-
Viruses Jul 2023Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human virus and causes the most severe form of human viral hepatitis, yet it is still not fully understood how the... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known human virus and causes the most severe form of human viral hepatitis, yet it is still not fully understood how the virus replicates and how it interacts with many host proteins during replication. This review aims to provide a systematic review of all the host factors currently known to interact with HDV and their mechanistic involvement in all steps of the HDV replication cycle. Finally, we discuss implications for therapeutic development based on our current knowledge of HDV-host protein interactions.
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 37515216
DOI: 10.3390/v15071530 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Mar 2016Satellite RNAs and satellite viruses are extraviral components that can affect either the pathogenicity, the accumulation, or both of their associated viruses while... (Review)
Review
Satellite RNAs and satellite viruses are extraviral components that can affect either the pathogenicity, the accumulation, or both of their associated viruses while themselves being dependent on the associated viruses as helper viruses for their infection. Most of these satellite RNAs are noncoding RNAs, and in many cases, have been shown to alter the interaction of their helper viruses with their hosts. In only a few cases have the functions of these satellite RNAs in such interactions been studied in detail. In particular, work on the satellite RNAs of Cucumber mosaic virus and Turnip crinkle virus have provided novel insights into RNAs functioning as noncoding RNAs. These effects are described and potential roles for satellite RNAs in the processes involved in symptom intensification or attenuation are discussed. In most cases, models describing these roles involve some aspect of RNA silencing or its suppression, either directly or indirectly involving the particular satellite RNA.
Topics: Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite; Cucumovirus; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; RNA, Satellite; Satellite Viruses
PubMed: 26551994
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-10-15-0232-FI -
La Revue Du Praticien Feb 2020
Topics: Hepatitis B Antigens; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans
PubMed: 32877152
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Opinion in Pharmacology Jun 2021Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis and continues to... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis and continues to represent a major health problem. The latest data show that the global prevalence is much higher than previously considered. Therefore, screening with the detection of anti-HDV antibodies is mandatory for all chronic HBV patients. In spite of the severity of liver disease, the only recommended treatment today is pegylated interferon-alpha, which has limited efficacy. Novel host-targeting molecules are now under investigation. The current phase 2 clinical trials include pegylated interferon-lambda, bulevirtide, lonafarnib, and REP-2139. This review focuses on the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of HDV infection.
Topics: Coinfection; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans
PubMed: 33895531
DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.03.008 -
Cells Jan 2022The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic resulting in millions of deaths worldwide. While multiple vaccines have been developed, insufficient vaccination... (Review)
Review
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic resulting in millions of deaths worldwide. While multiple vaccines have been developed, insufficient vaccination combined with adaptive mutations create uncertainty for the future. Here, we discuss novel strategies to control COVID-19 relying on Defective Interfering Particles (DIPs) and related particles that arise naturally during an infection. Our intention is to encourage and to provide the basis for the implementation of such strategies by multi-disciplinary teams. We therefore provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 for a multi-disciplinary readership that is specifically tailored to these strategies, we identify potential targets based on the current knowledge of the properties and functions of coronaviruses, and we propose specific strategies to engineer DIPs and other interfering or therapeutic nanoparticles.
Topics: COVID-19; Defective Interfering Viruses; Humans; Nanoparticles; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35053418
DOI: 10.3390/cells11020302 -
Liver International : Official Journal... Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Hepatitis D
PubMed: 37658668
DOI: 10.1111/liv.15679 -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2019Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are generated during viral replication and are unable to carry out a full replication cycle unless coinfected with a full-length virus.... (Review)
Review
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are generated during viral replication and are unable to carry out a full replication cycle unless coinfected with a full-length virus. DVGs are produced by many viruses, and their presence correlates with alterations in infection outcomes. Historically, DVGs were studied for their ability to interfere with standard virus replication as well as for their association with viral persistence. More recently, a critical role for DVGs in inducing the innate immune response during infection was appreciated. Here we review the role of DVGs of RNA viruses in shaping outcomes of experimental as well as natural infections and explore the mechanisms by which DVGs impact infection outcome.
Topics: Animals; Defective Viruses; Genome, Viral; Humans; Immunity, Innate; RNA Viruses; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31082310
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015652 -
Liver International : Official Journal... Jun 2021Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection is a defective virus requiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its complete replication cycle. HDV is a small hepatotropic RNA virus... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection is a defective virus requiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its complete replication cycle. HDV is a small hepatotropic RNA virus and around 15 to 25 million people worldwide are living with chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) infection. However, the prevalence of HDV may be underestimated, and screening is frequently insufficient. HDV infection remains endemic in several regions including Central and West Africa, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Northern Asia, certain areas of Southeast Asia and the Amazon basin of South America. The best preventive strategy to decrease HDV infection is to improve coverage of the prophylactic HBV vaccine. HDV infection may occur by HBV-HDV co-infection or superinfection, and the latter is usually more severe. CHD is associated with a higher risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to HBV mono-infection. Pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) therapy is limited by moderate effectiveness (around 20%) and its adverse effects. The entry inhibitor, bulevirtide (BLV, Hepcludex ), which was recently approved in Europe at a dose of 2 mg in sub-cutaneous injection per day, is indicated for the treatment of CHD in adult patients with compensated liver disease and positive HDV viremia. BLV can be administrated in monotherapy or in combination with PEG-IFNα. Nucleos(t)ide analogues can be used in combination for underlying HBV infection. The optimal treatment duration has not yet been determined and treatment should be continued if a clinical benefit is observed. There are other promising therapies such as IFN lambda (IFNλ) (immunomodulator), lonafarnib (prenylation inhibitor) and nucleic acid polymers (Inhibitors of HBsAg release). In this review, we will present an update on CHD and future promising treatments.
Topics: Adult; Africa, Western; Antiviral Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Europe; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; South America
PubMed: 34155804
DOI: 10.1111/liv.14838 -
Cell Dec 2021RNA viruses generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) that can interfere with replication of the parental wild-type virus. To examine their therapeutic potential, we...
RNA viruses generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) that can interfere with replication of the parental wild-type virus. To examine their therapeutic potential, we created a DVG by deleting the capsid-coding region of poliovirus. Strikingly, intraperitoneal or intranasal administration of this genome, which we termed eTIP1, elicits an antiviral response, inhibits replication, and protects mice from several RNA viruses, including enteroviruses, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. While eTIP1 replication following intranasal administration is limited to the nasal cavity, its antiviral action extends non-cell-autonomously to the lungs. eTIP1 broad-spectrum antiviral effects are mediated by both local and distal type I interferon responses. Importantly, while a single eTIP1 dose protects animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection, it also stimulates production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that afford long-lasting protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Thus, eTIP1 is a safe and effective broad-spectrum antiviral generating short- and long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in animal models.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies; COVID-19; Capsid Proteins; Cell Line; Defective Interfering Viruses; Disease Models, Animal; Genome, Viral; Humans; Influenza, Human; Interferons; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Poliovirus; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34852237
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.023 -
Journal of Medical Virology Dec 2019Little data have been published so far on the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in immigrant populations and even poorer is the information on... (Review)
Review
AIMS
Little data have been published so far on the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in immigrant populations and even poorer is the information on the virological, phylogenetic, and clinical aspects of this infection in these populations. This review article, aimed primarily at physicians caring for immigrants, summarizes the information available on HDV infection and analyzes data on this topic concerning the immigrant populations.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg-positive immigrants varies according to the country of origin. For example, in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, this prevalence is higher in those born in Equatorial Guinea (24.4%) than those from other African countries (10.3%). The epidemiological impact of HDV infection linked to migratory flows is a function of the different endemicity between countries of origin and countries in which a new existence has been established. This impact is high when immigrants from areas endemic to HDV infection (eg, Equatorial Guinea) settle in areas of low endemicity (eg, Germany or England, with a prevalence of around 4%), while the impact is lesser or nonexistent if the migratory flows are directed toward countries with intermediate endemicity (eg, Italy and Greece, with a prevalence of around 10%).
CONCLUSION
This impact of immigration on HDV epidemiology can be strong when HDV endemicity is high in the country of origin and low in the host country and slight when immigrants move to high or medium endemic countries.
Topics: Africa; Antiviral Agents; Coinfection; Communicable Diseases, Imported; Emigrants and Immigrants; Equatorial Guinea; Europe; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis Delta Virus; Humans; Phylogeny; Prevalence
PubMed: 31429940
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25570