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The FEBS Journal Nov 2022As a type of lytic cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane damage, ferroptosis occurs and develops because of sophisticated... (Review)
Review
As a type of lytic cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane damage, ferroptosis occurs and develops because of sophisticated signals and regulatory mechanisms. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) used to initiate ferroptosis come from a variety of sources, including iron-mediated Fenton reactions, mitochondrial ROS, and membrane-associated ROS driven by the NOX protein family. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids are the main substrates of lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis, which is positively regulated by enzymes, such as ACSL4, LPCAT3, ALOXs, or POR. Selective activation of autophagic degradation pathways promotes ferroptosis by increasing iron accumulation to cause lipid peroxidation. In contrast, system xc -glutathione-GPX4 axis plays a central role in limiting lipid peroxidation, although other antioxidants (such as coenzyme Q10 and tetrahydrobiopterin) can also inhibit ferroptosis. A main nuclear mechanism of cell defense against ferroptosis is the activation of the NFE2L2-dependent antioxidant response by transcriptionally upregulating the expression of antioxidants or cytoprotective genes. Additionally, the membrane damage caused by ferroptotic stimulus can be repaired by ESCRT-III-dependent membrane scission machinery. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis.
Topics: Ferroptosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Antioxidants; Signal Transduction; Iron; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 34092035
DOI: 10.1111/febs.16059 -
Psychodynamic Psychiatry Dec 2015Understanding defense mechanisms is an important part of psychotherapy. In this article, we trace the history of the concept of defense, from its origin with Freud to... (Review)
Review
Understanding defense mechanisms is an important part of psychotherapy. In this article, we trace the history of the concept of defense, from its origin with Freud to current views. The issue of defense as an unconscious mechanism is examined. The question of whether defenses are pathological, as well as their relation to pathology, is discussed. The effect of psychotherapy on the use of defenses, and their relation to a therapeutic alliance is explored. A series of empirical research studies that demonstrate the functioning of defense mechanisms and that support the theory is presented. Research also shows that as part of normal development, different defenses emerge at different developmental periods, and that gender differences in defense use occur.
Topics: Defense Mechanisms; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Psychological Theory; Psychotherapy
PubMed: 26583439
DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2015.43.4.523 -
American Journal of Psychoanalysis Jun 2019The urgency of the problem of how to learn from the relatively recent past in order not to repeat its devastating effects, a problem that revolves around the ethics of...
The urgency of the problem of how to learn from the relatively recent past in order not to repeat its devastating effects, a problem that revolves around the ethics of memory and history, has combined with an awareness that later generations of victims and perpetrators-the "post" generations-may find themselves inhibited in relation to moving forwards because they are not truly "post" at all. It is as if they are haunted by the experiences of their predecessors, which is passed on in some way through stories and selective silences, as well as through the older generation's ways of handling themselves and the personal and cultural representations of their situation. This article presents a psychoanalytic reading of the postmemory literature, drawing on second generation Holocaust literature and in particular rendering the distinction between postmemory as a mode of traumatic identification and postmemorial work as a form of working through. Active memorial work that allows repetitions to be turned into processes of recovery is essential for the laying of ghosts to rest.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Awareness; Defense Mechanisms; Ethics; Freudian Theory; Holocaust; Humans; Memory; Psychoanalytic Theory; Social Identification; Social Justice; Social Learning; Survivors
PubMed: 30971742
DOI: 10.1057/s11231-019-09185-3 -
PeerJ 2022The COVID-19 pandemic has had a wide range of negative physical and mental impacts. This review begins with a theoretical explanation of the psychological defense... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a wide range of negative physical and mental impacts. This review begins with a theoretical explanation of the psychological defense mechanisms used to deal with the pandemic. It then discusses different categories of defense mechanisms and their roles in managing the impacts of psychological distress. The aim of this review is to highlight the various psychological defense mechanisms individuals use to deal with the pandemic and to discuss how adjustment mechanisms can protect individuals from internal and external threats by shielding the integrity of the ego (the mind) and helping individuals maintain their self-schema.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Pandemics; Psychological Distress; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 35186458
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12811 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2023Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Candida auris is a pathogen of growing public health concern given its rapid spread across the globe, its propensity for long-term skin colonization and healthcare-related outbreaks, its resistance to a variety of antifungal medications, and the high morbidity and mortality associated with invasive disease. Despite that, the host immune response mechanisms that operate during C. auris skin colonization and invasive infection remains poorly understood.
AREAS COVERED
In this manuscript, we review the available literature in the growing research field pertaining to C. auris host defenses and we discuss what is known about the ability of C. auris to thrive on mammalian skin, the role of lymphoid cell-mediated, IL-17-dependent defenses in controlling cutaneous colonization, and the contribution of myeloid phagocytes in curtailing systemic infection.
EXPERT OPINION
Understanding the mechanisms by which the host immune system responds to and controls colonization and infection with C. auris and developing a deeper knowledge of tissue-specific host-C. auris interactions and of C. auris immune-evading mechanisms may help devise improved strategies for decolonization, prognostication, prevention, vaccination, and/or directed antifungal treatment in vulnerable patient populations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Candida; Candidiasis; Candida auris; Antifungal Agents; Defense Mechanisms; Mammals
PubMed: 37753840
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2264500 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal...
Internalisation of appearance ideals moderates the relationship between exposure to media images and body dissatisfaction. To date, the role of thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation in the context of social media remains under explored, particularly for boys. As such, we aimed to explore how social media use (Instagram and Snapchat) was related to body dissatisfaction, and whether thin- and muscular-ideal internalisation would moderate this relationship in a sample of 1153 adolescent boys and girls (55.42% males; = 13.71, = 1.14). As hypothesised, social media use, and thin- and muscular ideal internalisation were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction in both genders. In moderation analyses, thin-ideal internalisation emerged as the only variable that had a significant effect on body dissatisfaction in both genders. Additionally, the influence of social media use on body dissatisfaction was moderated by muscular-ideal internalisation in boys, whereby for boys with high muscular-ideal internalisation, greater social media use was associated with greater body dissatisfaction. The two-way (muscular x thin-ideal internalisation) and three-way interaction (social media use x thin-ideal internalisation x muscular-ideal internalisation) effects on body dissatisfaction were non-significant. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the sociocultural environment (i.e., new media influences) as frameworks for understanding body dissatisfaction and suggest targeting of internalisation of appearance ideals in body dissatisfaction prevention programs.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Dissatisfaction; Body Image; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Male; Personal Satisfaction; Social Media
PubMed: 34948830
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413222 -
American Journal of Surgery Jul 2020Unsustainable surgeon burnout rates and moral imperatives for performance improvement suggest an urgent need to understand and apply rationales and methods for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Unsustainable surgeon burnout rates and moral imperatives for performance improvement suggest an urgent need to understand and apply rationales and methods for cultivating grit and optimism in surgery.
DATA SOURCES
Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed articles.
CONCLUSIONS
Passivity in response to negative events is the default human response, but the presence of control activates the prefrontal cortex-the brain region controlling executive function-promoting effort toward solutions. Challenges, failures, and traumatic events perceived as inescapable, permanent, pervasive, and irreparable lead to debility and attrition; grit and optimism shift the human response toward growth, strength, and improved performance. Methods for realizing these advantages include maintaining positivity, pursuing major challenges that match personal skills, engaging in deliberate practice to improve skills, persisting in hard work, and pursuing higher meaning and purpose in work and life. Grit and optimism are difficult to teach; selecting gritty, optimistic surgical residency applicants may also be effective.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Defense Mechanisms; Humans; Internship and Residency; Optimism; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 32098653
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.01.057 -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Dec 2016With an incidence of 1:500, denial of pregnancy is a rather frequent incident in obstetrics. Strikingly, in our society, this issue is placed under a taboo. Reasons... (Review)
Review
With an incidence of 1:500, denial of pregnancy is a rather frequent incident in obstetrics. Strikingly, in our society, this issue is placed under a taboo. Reasons might be our moral values and socialization. Since pregnancy and motherhood have to be associated with joy, other sensations are often perceived as socially not accepted and thus denied. A similar phenomenon exists e. g. with postnatal depression.In all existing studies on denial of pregnancy, it was proven that there are no significant at-risk groups. Instead, it occurs in all social and educated classes and no association with parity was shown.Psychologically, the denial can be understood as an adaptive or anxiety disorder. Unconsciously, it serves as a defense mechanism against intrapsychic conflicts. Reinterpretation of physical changes allow sustained unconscious and thus conflict even in the presence of fetal movements and while body weight and abdominal girth are increasing.Lacking and insufficient preventive examinations increase risks for mother and child. Especially, when delivery takes place without professional help.The earlier the pregnant woman realizes her condition, if necessary with help from a reference person or medical personnel, the lower the risks. This implies to train detection and overcome fear of addressing the woman. After the pregnancy is revealed, the woman needs to be integrated into a social network, which conveys that denial of pregnancy is not a psychotic symptom and occurs more often than assumed. If this succeeds, the perspective for mother and child is favorable.
Topics: Deception; Denial, Psychological; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy, Unwanted
PubMed: 27975360
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-120519 -
Behavior Therapy Mar 2020Pediatric irritability is a functionally impairing transdiagnostic symptom underlying a substantial proportion of child mental health referrals. The past 20 years have...
Pediatric irritability is a functionally impairing transdiagnostic symptom underlying a substantial proportion of child mental health referrals. The past 20 years have witnessed a striking uptick in empirical work focused on pediatric irritability, with increasing recognition of its role across multiple internalizing and externalizing disorders. That said, it has only been in recent years that research has begun to make advances in understanding the natural course and neurobiological underpinnings of irritability across development; research directly informing effective clinical management of pediatric irritability has been limited. At this critical stage in the study of pediatric irritability, this special series brings together the latest work from leading experts across three interrelated domains: (a) progress in understanding the phenomenology and course of pediatric irritability; (b) advances in the assessment of pediatric irritability; and (c) innovations in the treatment of pediatric irritability. The papers in this special series collectively offer critical steps forward for better understanding pediatric irritability and improving proper assessment, classification, and clinical management.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Defense Mechanisms; Female; Humans; Irritable Mood; Male; Mood Disorders; Pediatrics; Psychological Tests
PubMed: 32138932
DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.010 -
Phytopathology Apr 2023One important discovery in plant pathology over recent decades is the natural antiviral defense mechanism mediated by RNA interference (RNAi). In antiviral RNAi, virus... (Review)
Review
One important discovery in plant pathology over recent decades is the natural antiviral defense mechanism mediated by RNA interference (RNAi). In antiviral RNAi, virus infection triggers Dicer processing of virus-specific double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Frequently, further amplified by host enzyme and cofactors, these virus-derived siRNAs direct specific virus clearance in an Argonaute protein-containing effector complex. The siRNAs derived from viruses and viroids accumulate to very high levels during infection. Because they overlap extensively in nucleotide sequence, this allows for deep sequencing and bioinformatics assembly of total small RNAs for rapid discovery and identification of viruses and viroids. Antiviral RNAi acts as the primary defense mechanism against both RNA and DNA viruses in plants, yet viruses still successfully infect plants. They do so because all currently recognized plant viruses combat the RNAi response by encoding at least one protein as a viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR) required for infection, even though plant viruses have small genome sizes with a limited coding capacity. This review article will recapitulate the key findings that have revealed the genetic pathway for the biogenesis and antiviral activity of viral siRNAs and the specific role of VSRs in infection by antiviral RNAi suppression. Moreover, early pioneering studies on transgene silencing, RNAi, and virus-plant/virus-virus interactions paved the road to the discovery of antiviral RNAi.
Topics: RNA, Small Interfering; RNA Interference; RNA, Double-Stranded; Antiviral Agents; Plant Diseases; Plants; Viroids; Transgenes; Defense Mechanisms
PubMed: 36441873
DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-10-22-0358-IA