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Annual Review of Food Science and... Mar 2022Food oral processing (FOP) is a fast-emerging research area in the food science discipline. Since its first introduction about a decade ago, a large amount of literature... (Review)
Review
Food oral processing (FOP) is a fast-emerging research area in the food science discipline. Since its first introduction about a decade ago, a large amount of literature has been published in this area, forming new frontiers and leading to new research opportunities. This review aims to summarize FOP research progress from current perspectives. Food texture, food flavor (aroma and taste), bolus swallowing, and eating behavior are covered in this review. The discussion of each topic is organized into three parts: a short background introduction, reflections on current research findings and achievements, and future directions and implications on food design. Physical, physiological, and psychological principles are the main concerns of discussion for each topic. The last part of the review shares views on the research challenges and outlooks of future FOP research. It is hoped that the review not only helps readers comprehend what has been achieved in the past decade but also, more importantly, identify where the knowledge gaps are and in which direction the FOP research will go.
Topics: Deglutition; Food; Food Handling; Odorants; Taste
PubMed: 35333588
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-103054 -
Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie Feb 2018
Topics: Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Otolaryngology
PubMed: 29401545
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-125007 -
Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie Mar 2018
Topics: Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Fiber Optic Technology; Humans; Video Recording
PubMed: 29495039
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-125008 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jan 2022
Topics: Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Humans
PubMed: 35045242
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2117526 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation May 2022Obese individuals may have impaired oral sensory functioning and abnormal oral motor function, a consequence of fat deposition in muscles. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Obese individuals may have impaired oral sensory functioning and abnormal oral motor function, a consequence of fat deposition in muscles.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the oral motor function in obese individuals.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Three observational cross-sectional studies were performed. In total, 140 participants were evaluated: (1) orofacial myofunctional evaluation (OMES) was performed in 26 obese and 26 control subjects; (2) time taken for suction of 50 ml of water through straws of 3 mm and 6 mm of diameter was measured in 30 obese and 30 control subjects; (3) the oral phase of swallowing of 5 ml moderately thick and 5 ml extremely thick boluses was analysed by videofluoroscopy in 14 obese and 14 control subjects. Obese and non-obese control subjects had body mass index ≥40 kg/m and <30 kg/m , respectively.
RESULTS
Obese subjects had worse oral myofunctional evaluation scores in posture/appearance (lips, jaw, cheeks, tongue and hard palate), in mobility (lips, tongue, jaw and cheeks) and in breathing, deglutition and mastication functions (p ≤ .020). The OMES total score was 73.5 ± 5.5 in obese and 92.8 ± 3.7 in controls subjects (p < .001). There was no difference between the groups in the time taken for 50 ml of water suction through the 3-mm- or 6-mm-diameter straw. Videofluoroscopic evaluation of the bolus swallowed demonstrated a longer oral preparation time in obese individuals for both boluses (p ≤ .040) and no difference in oral transit time (p ≥ .140).
CONCLUSION
A moderate change in oral motor function was observed in obese individuals with BMI ≥40 kg/m .
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Deglutition; Humans; Obesity; Tongue; Water
PubMed: 35152447
DOI: 10.1111/joor.13313 -
Arquivos de Gastroenterologia Nov 2018Swallowing is a motor process with several discordances and a very difficult neurophysiological study. Maybe that is the reason for the scarcity of papers about it. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Swallowing is a motor process with several discordances and a very difficult neurophysiological study. Maybe that is the reason for the scarcity of papers about it.
OBJECTIVE
It is to describe the chewing neural control and oral bolus qualification. A review the cranial nerves involved with swallowing and their relationship with the brainstem, cerebellum, base nuclei and cortex was made.
METHODS
From the reviewed literature including personal researches and new observations, a consistent and necessary revision of concepts was made, not rarely conflicting.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Five different possibilities of the swallowing oral phase are described: nutritional voluntary, primary cortical, semiautomatic, subsequent gulps, and spontaneous. In relation to the neural control of the swallowing pharyngeal phase, the stimulus that triggers the pharyngeal phase is not the pharyngeal contact produced by the bolus passage, but the pharyngeal pressure distension, with or without contents. In nutritional swallowing, food and pressure are transferred, but in the primary cortical oral phase, only pressure is transferred, and the pharyngeal response is similar. The pharyngeal phase incorporates, as its functional part, the oral phase dynamics already in course. The pharyngeal phase starts by action of the pharyngeal plexus, composed of the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) and accessory (XI) nerves, with involvement of the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and the hypoglossal (XII) nerves. The cervical plexus (C1, C2) and the hypoglossal nerve on each side form the ansa cervicalis, from where a pathway of cervical origin goes to the geniohyoid muscle, which acts in the elevation of the hyoid-laryngeal complex. We also appraise the neural control of the swallowing esophageal phase. Besides other hypotheses, we consider that it is possible that the longitudinal and circular muscular layers of the esophagus display, respectively, long-pitch and short-pitch spiral fibers. This morphology, associated with the concept of energy preservation, allows us to admit that the contraction of the longitudinal layer, by having a long-pitch spiral arrangement, would be able to widen the esophagus, diminishing the resistance to the flow, probably also by opening of the gastroesophageal transition. In this way, the circular layer, with its short-pitch spiral fibers, would propel the food downwards by sequential contraction.
Topics: Brain Stem; Cerebral Cortex; Cranial Nerves; Deglutition
PubMed: 30156597
DOI: 10.1590/S0004-2803.201800000-45 -
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2023Despite centuries of investigation, questions and controversies remain regarding the fundamental genesis and motor pattern of swallow. Two significant topics include... (Review)
Review
Despite centuries of investigation, questions and controversies remain regarding the fundamental genesis and motor pattern of swallow. Two significant topics include inspiratory muscle activity during swallow (Schluckatmung, i.e., "swallow-breath") and anatomical boundaries of the swallow pattern generator. We discuss the long history of reports regarding the presence or absence of Schluckatmung and the possible advantages of and neural basis for such activity, leading to current theories and novel experimental directions.
Topics: Humans; Deglutition; Respiratory System
PubMed: 35998250
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2021 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Apr 2017The paper reviews human mastication, focusing on its age-related changes. The first part describes mastication adaptation in young healthy individuals. Adaptation to... (Review)
Review
The paper reviews human mastication, focusing on its age-related changes. The first part describes mastication adaptation in young healthy individuals. Adaptation to obtain a food bolus ready to be swallowed relies on variations in number of cycles, muscle strength and volume of emitted saliva. As a result, the food bolus displays granulometric and rheological properties, the values of which are maintained within the adaptive range of deglutition. The second part concerns healthy ageing. Some mastication parameters are slightly modified by age, but ageing itself does not impair mastication, as the adaptation possibilities remain operant. The third part reports on very aged subjects, who display frequent systemic or local diseases. Local and/or general diseases such as tooth loss, salivary defect, or motor impairment are then indistinguishably superimposed on the effects of very old age. The resulting impaired function increases the risk of aspiration and choking. Lastly, the consequences for eating behaviour and nutrition are evoked.
Topics: Aging; Bite Force; Deglutition; Eating; Food; Humans; Mastication; Salivation; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 28029687
DOI: 10.1111/joor.12478 -
Seminars in Neurology Aug 2023Dysphagia is a common symptom in many neurologic disorders. Patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia present with difficulties when they start to swallow, often with...
Dysphagia is a common symptom in many neurologic disorders. Patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia present with difficulties when they start to swallow, often with coughing and choking; whereas patients with esophageal dysphagia describe the feeling that swallowed food stops in the chest. Chronic neurologic diseases such stroke, Parkinson's disease, or dementia often have dysphagia as a symptom, particularly oropharyngeal dysphagia, and the term "neurogenic dysphagia" is often used. A disruption of the sophisticated, integrated sensorimotor swallowing system is usually the main reason behind dysphagia. Dysphagia can be associated with aspiration leading to aspiration pneumonia, and chronic dysphagia can lead to weight loss and malnutrition. Patients with dysphagia, when accurately and promptly diagnosed through medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, often can be treated and experience improved quality of life. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind dysphagia, its diagnosis, and potential treatments are discussed in this manuscript.
Topics: Humans; Deglutition Disorders; Quality of Life; Deglutition; Parkinson Disease; Stroke
PubMed: 37579785
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771458 -
Cross-System Integration of Respiration and Deglutition: Function, Treatment, and Future Directions.Dysphagia Aug 2023Swallowing occurs preferentially in the expiratory phase of the quiet breathing cycle and at mid-to-low tidal volume. This coordinative pattern imparts important... (Review)
Review
Swallowing occurs preferentially in the expiratory phase of the quiet breathing cycle and at mid-to-low tidal volume. This coordinative pattern imparts important biomechanical advantages to swallowing and airway protection and facilitate laryngeal elevation, laryngeal vestibular and vocal fold closure, and cricopharyngeal sphincter opening. This preferred coordinative relationship between breathing and swallowing is impaired in a variety of patient populations, including head and neck cancer survivors with dysphagia. We developed a training protocol to re-establish more optimal phasing of swallowing with breathing in these patients with striking outcomes, including reduced swallowing physiological impairments and improved airway protection. This motivated us to continue to refine and expand this training protocol and develop new assistive technologies for swallowing monitoring outside of the lab. In this review, we highlight the origins of our optimal respiratory-swallowing coordination hypothesis, describe the biomechanical advantages it provides, carefully describe our training protocol and findings, and chart a course for the next phase of this work. Our overall goal is to harness technology combined with carefully constructed learning paradigms to improve the lives of patients with impaired respiratory-swallowing coordination consequent to a variety of pathologies including head and neck cancer and degenerative neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Humans; Deglutition; Respiration; Deglutition Disorders; Larynx; Head and Neck Neoplasms
PubMed: 36378345
DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10538-x