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Journal of Oral Biology and... 2023Dental calculus, formed by mineralization of plaque predisposes to the development of periodontal disease.
CONTEXT
Dental calculus, formed by mineralization of plaque predisposes to the development of periodontal disease.
AIM
To evaluate the influence of salivary urea and the presence of ureolytic bacteria on dental calculus formation and periodontal status in patients with good, fair and poor oral hygiene.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An observational cross-sectional study was carried out on 135 patients, 18-60 years of age. Based on the simplified calculus index, patients were divided into three groups, good oral hygiene, fair oral hygiene and poor oral hygiene. Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level and salivary pH were recorded for each subject. Saliva samples were collected to evaluate the urea levels using autoanalyzer method. Supragingival calculus samples were collected and presence and quantification of ureolytic bacteria were done by gram staining and bacterial culture and confirmed by biochemical reaction. For statistical analysis, test like Shapiro-Wilk test, Kruskal Wallis and Spearman's rho were used.
RESULTS
Increase in salivary pH was associated with increased odds of higher calculus index score (odds ratio = 2.785). There was a non-significant weak correlation between salivary urea and ureolytic bacteria in dental calculus in all the three groups (p > 0.05). Higher calculus index score was associated with increased odds of presence of ureolytic bacteria (odds ratio>1).
CONCLUSIONS
Higher level of ureolytic bacteria with increasing calculus index score may breakdown the salivary urea to ammonia resulting in a ureolytic pH rise that facilitate calcium phosphate saturation leading to more calculus formation.
PubMed: 36345494
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.10.004 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Aug 2021Dental problems are increasingly recognised in cats although many problems are preventable by tooth brushing. However, the knowledge level and preventive measures...
Dental problems are increasingly recognised in cats although many problems are preventable by tooth brushing. However, the knowledge level and preventive measures performed by owners are unclear. Additionally, there is a shortage of information on the communication by veterinary care staff to owners on dental health and prophylaxis in cats. The aim was to describe the knowledge and perceptions among Swedish cat owners and the communication by veterinary care staff on dental problems and prevention in cats. We distributed two electronic surveys; to cat owners and care staff, respectively. Of the cat owners, = 407, 2/3 stated that they have knowledge about dental disease, listing modified eating behaviour as the most common sign followed by gingivitis, halitosis, pain and dental calculus. The main source of information was the internet followed by veterinary care staff, and 47% of the owners reported that they perform preventive oral health measures. The single most frequently stated preventive measure was tooth brushing, which was applied by 28% of the cat owners but with low frequency (daily = 15, every second day = 14). Veterinary care staff, = 179, reported that they inform (47%) or sometimes inform (42%) cat owners on prophylactic dental care, daily or 3-7 times a week (combined 39%) most frequently by oral communication, with tooth brushing as the most common measure recommended. This study suggests that cat owners have relevant knowledge on dental health in cats, but the performed preventive measures are too infrequent to support good oral health in cats. There is room to develop strategies such as improvement in education and communication to increase welfare in cats. This includes consideration of the motivation and practical options for owners of cats who may not tolerate tooth brushing.
PubMed: 34573537
DOI: 10.3390/ani11092571 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Nov 2020Human microbiome studies are increasingly incorporating macroecological approaches, such as community assembly, network analysis and functional redundancy to more fully...
Human microbiome studies are increasingly incorporating macroecological approaches, such as community assembly, network analysis and functional redundancy to more fully characterize the microbiome. Such analyses have not been applied to ancient human microbiomes, preventing insights into human microbiome evolution. We address this issue by analysing published ancient microbiome datasets: coprolites from Rio Zape ( = 7; 700 CE Mexico) and historic dental calculus ( = 44; 1770-1855 CE, UK), as well as two novel dental calculus datasets: Maya ( = 7; 170 BCE-885 CE, Belize) and Nuragic Sardinians ( = 11; 1400-850 BCE, Italy). Periodontitis-associated bacteria (, and ) were identified as keystone taxa in the dental calculus datasets. Coprolite keystone taxa included known short-chain fatty acid producers () and potentially disease-associated bacteria (, . Overlap in ecological profiles between ancient and modern microbiomes was indicated by similarity in functional response diversity profiles between contemporary hunter-gatherers and ancient coprolites, as well as parallels between ancient Maya, historic UK, and modern Spanish dental calculus; however, the ancient Nuragic dental calculus shows a distinct ecological structure. We detected key ecological signatures from ancient microbiome data, paving the way to expand understanding of human microbiome evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.
Topics: Archaeology; Bacteria; Belize; DNA, Ancient; DNA, Bacterial; Dental Calculus; Feces; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Italy; Mexico; Microbiota
PubMed: 33012230
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0586 -
International Journal of Applied &... 2020Inadequate oral hygiene is the root cause of the initiation and establishment of the periodontal disease. Dental calculus serves as plaque retentive area, thereby...
Inadequate oral hygiene is the root cause of the initiation and establishment of the periodontal disease. Dental calculus serves as plaque retentive area, thereby contributing to gingivitis and periodontitis. The present unusual case is of a 55-year-old female patient reported to the department of periodontology with a chief complaint of hard deposit at the right maxillary and mandibular posterior region. The patient was found to have very heavy calculus deposition with respect to right maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth, and the patient was using the left side for mastication and avoiding chewing from the right side mainly due to some periodontal problem. The extraction of the hopeless teeth along with dental calculus was done. Dimensions of dental calculi at maxillary and mandibular teeth was 4 cm × 3 cm each.
PubMed: 32566531
DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_84_19 -
Journal of Oral Science Jul 2022The purpose of this repeated cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of oral hygiene conditions in Cambodian primary school children.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this repeated cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of oral hygiene conditions in Cambodian primary school children.
METHODS
Oral examinations were conducted on 2,020 school children (1st-6th grade) at a public primary school in Siem Reap, Cambodia from 2013 to 2015, focusing on plaque adhesion, gingiva, and dental calculus deposition. Data analysis was performed on 1,998 children without any missing data, and the chi-square test was used to compare the variables.
RESULTS
The prevalence of dental plaque adhesion in 2013, 2014, and 2015 was 93.6%, 93.7%, and 85.1%, respectively. The prevalence of gingivitis in 2013, 2014, and 2015 was 93.1%, 92.1%, and 88.8%, respectively. The prevalence of dental calculus deposition in 2013, 2014, and 2015 was 55.1%, 19.3%, and 34.7%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in all variables each year (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study suggest that oral hygiene conditions were poor in this population.
Topics: Asian People; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Gingivitis; Humans; Oral Hygiene; Prevalence; Schools
PubMed: 35598977
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.21-0464 -
International Journal of Dentistry 2021The growing epidemic of chronic diseases afflicting both developed and developing countries is related to diet and lifestyle. The current dietary assessment still has...
The growing epidemic of chronic diseases afflicting both developed and developing countries is related to diet and lifestyle. The current dietary assessment still has many constraints, particularly related to the objectivity of data gathering. Dental calculus, which is usually considered as medical waste in dental treatment, turns out to be a provider of abundant oral information. The objective of this study is to obtain the correlation between the macronutrient content of dental calculus and nutritional intake based on FFQ. This research is an analytic observational study with a case-control study design. Samples consisting of 35 obese individuals and 21 normal-weight individuals were taken using purposive sampling. The nutritional intake data were obtained using FFQ. The macronutrient content of dental calculus was checked using a colorimetric assay. The comparison between obese individuals and normal-weight individuals was tested using the Mann-Whitney test and -test. The correlation between the macronutrient content of dental calculus and nutritional intake based on FFQ was measured using Spearman's rank-order correlation. The results showed there was a correlation between the macronutrient content of dental calculus and macronutrient intake based on FFQ. However, strong correlation was found only between fat intake with the total lipid content of dental calculus with rs = 0.521 and between carbohydrate intake with the total carbohydrate content of dental calculus with rs = 0.519. It was concluded that carbohydrate, protein, and lipid intake can be assessed using dental calculus. Dental calculus can be an alternative source of noninvasive, inexpensive, and specific dietary biomarkers.
PubMed: 34531913
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5579208 -
Journal of Medical Primatology Feb 2022Non-human primates can present oral diseases. However, differences among the dentition of the various species make it difficult to understand their dental features and...
BACKGROUND
Non-human primates can present oral diseases. However, differences among the dentition of the various species make it difficult to understand their dental features and associated diseases. This research hypothesizes that the prevalence of dental disorders varies in the species studied according to distinct types of diet.
METHODS
Forty-five syncraniums of the species Alouatta caraya, Alouatta guariba clamitans, Sapajus nigritus, Callithrix jacchus, and Callithrix penicillata were evaluated by visual inspection, magnifying glasses, and on cone-beam computed tomography.
RESULTS
Disorders identified consisted of missing teeth before death, agenesis, dental calculus, dental wear, dental staining, dental fracture, exposure of pulp chamber, alveolar bone resorption, tooth discoloration, and persistence of deciduous teeth. Alouatta guariba clamitans presented the most disorders.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that neotropical primates have a high prevalence of dental changes, even in free-living conditions, and that the differences observed among them may be associated with different diet patterns.
Topics: Alouatta; Animals; Brazil; Callithrix; Cebinae; Prevalence; Skull
PubMed: 34738242
DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12548 -
International Journal of Dentistry 2017Salivary constituents have a wide range of functions including oral calcium homeostasis. Salivary proteins such as statherin inhibit crystal growth of calcium phosphate...
BACKGROUND
Salivary constituents have a wide range of functions including oral calcium homeostasis. Salivary proteins such as statherin inhibit crystal growth of calcium phosphate in supersaturated solutions and interact with several oral bacteria to adsorb on hydroxyapatite. Concurrently, saliva, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium phosphates, is the driving force for plaque mineralization and formation of calculus. Thus, the aim of the present study was to estimate and correlate salivary statherin and calcium concentration to the dental calculus formation.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the relationship between salivary statherin, calcium, and dental calculus among 70 subjects, aged 20-55 years. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the calculus scores as interpreted by Calculus Index which was followed by collection of whole saliva using Super•SAL™. Salivary calcium levels were assessed by calorimetric method using Calcium Assay kit (Cayman Chemical, Michigan, USA) and statherin levels by using ELISA Kit (Cusabio Biotech).
RESULTS
Statherin levels showed a weak negative correlation with the calcium levels and with calculus formation. The mean salivary statherin and calcium concentration were found to be 0.96 g/ml and 3.87 mg/ml, respectively. Salivary statherin levels differed significantly among the three groups ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Our preliminary data indicates that statherin could possibly play a role in the formation of dental calculus.
PubMed: 28572822
DOI: 10.1155/2017/2857629 -
Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and... Apr 2019The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate the effectiveness of using Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium/aluminum/garnet) laser or Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium,... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate the effectiveness of using Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium/aluminum/garnet) laser or Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium-doped yttrium/scandium/gallium/garnet) laser on calculus removal and their effect on the topography and roughness of root surface in comparison with the conventional instruments in the nonsurgical periodontal therapy. One of the most challenging problems in treatment of periodontal disease is the elimination of plaque and calculus, leaving a clean and smooth root surface to decrease plaque and calculus retention, and for good gingival reattachment. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for available literature. The electronic search was limited to articles published in the period between January 2007 and April 2017, in the English language. A total of 47 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this systematic review and screened according to the research questions. Calculus removal using the ultrasonic instrument showed remaining calculus compared with the hand instrument, whereas, on the contrary, erbium lasers revealed no remaining calculus or smaller amounts compared with the conventional instruments when used in appropriate settings. The results of this review showed that ultrasonic instrumentation produced effects on the root surface almost similar to that of hand instrumentation. Er:YAG laser and Er,Cr:YSGG laser clarify a little more surface roughness when compared with conventional instruments. The present systematic review indicates that a combination of scaling and root planing (SRP) using the erbium lasers as an adjunctive therapy at certain parameters can be appropriate to remove residual debris from the root surface and at the same time have little or no negative thermal effect on the root surface. The Er:YAG laser also seems to be the most suitable for nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Additional new good-designed studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of erbium lasers with SRP in nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Scaling; Humans; Lasers, Solid-State; Root Planing; Surface Properties
PubMed: 31050960
DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4465 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Aug 2022Aragonite from animal origin such as cuttlefish bone powder is an abrasive with hardness properties ideal for calculus removal. The purpose of this randomized controlled... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Aragonite from animal origin such as cuttlefish bone powder is an abrasive with hardness properties ideal for calculus removal. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to test the efficacy of a cuttlebone-derived aragonite toothpaste in removing dental calculus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighty-one patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were blindly and randomly assigned into two study groups. The intervention treatment group (n = 40) received cuttlebone toothpaste (Dr. D-Tart) and the control group (n = 41) received an off-the-shelf commercial toothpaste (Crest). Evaluations were performed before and after scaling and polishing procedures done at 3 months in order to evaluate the toothpaste's ability to remove calculus and to prevent calculus formation. Calculus, stains, plaque, and gingival indices scores, and patient satisfaction surveys were compared at baseline (first visit), 3, and 9 months, using generalized linear models and Wald's χ test.
RESULTS
At the end of the 3-month period, the intervention group showed a 30% reduction in total calculus compared to the baseline score (p = .0006) and 45% less total calculus compared to the control group (p = .0001). Six months after scaling, the mean calculus score for Crest users was 42% higher than that for Dr. D-Tart users (p = .0692). There was a significant improvement in the gingival health of cuttlebone toothpaste users at the observed intervals, and both kinds of toothpaste achieved comparable results in terms of plaque and stains removal.
CONCLUSIONS
Aragonite toothpaste can remove calculus, prevent calculus formation, and improve gingival health. Patients are generally satisfied with the performance of the aragonite toothpaste.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Animal-derived aragonite toothpaste (Dr. D-Tart) shows promising efficacy in removing calculus, preventing calculus formation, and for the improvement of gingival health.
CLINICAL TRIAL ID
A08-M35-16B.
Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Toothpastes
PubMed: 35419985
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.559