-
Monographs in Oral Science 2020Sugar is added to food for a multitude of functions: fermentation, preservation, physical and chemical, and also to satisfy the consumer's preference for sweetness.... (Review)
Review
Sugar is added to food for a multitude of functions: fermentation, preservation, physical and chemical, and also to satisfy the consumer's preference for sweetness. Unfortunately, sugar consumption is also a main aetiological factor for dental caries. The relationship between sugar and caries was established in the latter half of the 19th century. Many factors influence this relationship: the availability of sugar for bacterial digestion, the presence of acidogenic bacteria in the plaque on teeth, and the ability of fluoride and saliva to counteract bacteria and acids. The importance of the frequency of administering sugars over the amount has been demonstrated in various studies in humans. Through guidelines, world and national health organizations advocate the reduction of sugar consumption to below 10E% (daily dietary energy percentage consumption per capita), but voluntary implementation on an individual basis is difficult for many, and maybe more compulsory strategies that aim to reduce both the amount and frequency of sugar intake are needed.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet; Fluorides; Humans; Sugars
PubMed: 31940627
DOI: 10.1159/000455373 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2021The formation of a physiological biofilm cannot be avoided under normal circumstances. However, the consequences of a supragingivally located biofilm, such as caries,... (Review)
Review
The formation of a physiological biofilm cannot be avoided under normal circumstances. However, the consequences of a supragingivally located biofilm, such as caries, gingivitis and, as a further effect, periodontitis, are relatively easy to avoid. The simplest and most common method used worldwide for the elimination of biofilm is periodic mechanical removal using a toothbrush or similar tools, such as chewing sticks or woods. This method was already used in ancient Egypt, and is still being used today, albeit advanced and improved with the help of toothpastes. Here we give a summary of the most common toothbrushes, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the most common toothpastes, their ingredients, and functions. In addition, the ingredients will be critically evaluated and recommendations given for the use or non-use of certain ingredients for different target groups, such as children, healthy adults, or patients with special needs.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Child; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes
PubMed: 33427212
DOI: 10.1159/000510201 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2019Maintenance care is mandatory for the long-term success of periodontal and implant treatment. As it is frequently necessary to treat recurrent or persisting disease,... (Review)
Review
Maintenance care is mandatory for the long-term success of periodontal and implant treatment. As it is frequently necessary to treat recurrent or persisting disease, maintenance therapy goes beyond a true prophylaxis. During this lifelong therapy, both the patient and the dental team need to be working closely together. It is imperative to combine efforts to have the build-up of biofilm under control during maintenance and to reduce, as much as possible, the influence that risk factors may play in plaque accumulation as well as in the tissue inflammatory response. Guidelines to evaluate periodontal tissue response are described, and a maintenance protocol is outlined. The management of residual pockets is stressed, and a variety of treatment approaches are considered and evaluated. How to evaluate peri-implant tissues during maintenance is discussed, as is the protocol of the cumulative interceptive supportive therapy.
Topics: Dental Implants; Dental Plaque; Humans
PubMed: 30892766
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12255 -
Primary Dental Journal Jan 2020
Drug-influenced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a reaction to specific medications, namely phenytoin, ciclosporin and calcium channel blockers. DIGE is encountered... (Review)Review
Drug-influenced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a reaction to specific medications, namely phenytoin, ciclosporin and calcium channel blockers. DIGE is encountered increasingly in clinical practice due to the widespread use of calcium channel blocker drugs particularly. Approaches to its management are discussed in this review.
Methods: Narrative review of the literature and discussion of clinical implications.
Findings: Management of DIGE involves nonsurgical treatment and may require surgical reduction of the overgrown gingival tissues. Management is complicated by the difficulties in achieving adequate plaque control, given the unfavourable contour of the enlarged gingival tissues, and the high frequency of recurrence of DIGE after surgical management. Replacing the drug involved can be very beneficial in selected cases, but the management of the underlying medical condition limits its application. The decision to replace a drug is not the responsibility of the dental practitioner, but the patient's physician may make it after consultation.
Conclusions: Management of DIGE can be challenging and may require close co-operation between the dental practitioner and a hygienist, a periodontist and the patient's physician. Long term supportive maintenance programmes need to be in place for optimal outcomes.Topics: Calcium Channel Blockers; Dental Plaque; Gingival Hyperplasia; Humans
PubMed: 32127092
DOI: 10.1308/205016820828463816 -
British Dental Journal Jan 2019The 2017 World Workshop Classification system for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions was developed in order to accommodate advances in knowledge...
The 2017 World Workshop Classification system for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions was developed in order to accommodate advances in knowledge derived from both biological and clinical research, that have emerged since the 1999 International Classification of Periodontal Diseases. Importantly, it defines clinical health for the first time, and distinguishes an intact and a reduced periodontium throughout. The term 'aggressive periodontitis' was removed, creating a staging and grading system for periodontitis that is based primarily upon attachment and bone loss and classifies the disease into four stages based on severity (I, II, III or IV) and three grades based on disease susceptibility (A, B or C). The British Society of Periodontology (BSP) convened an implementation group to develop guidance on how the new classification system should be implemented in clinical practice. A particular focus was to describe how the new classification system integrates with established diagnostic parameters and pathways, such as the basic periodontal examination (BPE). This implementation plan focuses on clinical practice; for research, readers are advised to follow the international classification system. In this paper we describe a diagnostic pathway for plaque-induced periodontal diseases that is consistent with established guidance and accommodates the novel 2017 classification system, as recommended by the BSP implementation group. Subsequent case reports will provide examples of the application of this guidance in clinical practice.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontics; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 30631188
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2019.3 -
Swiss Dental Journal Jun 2019
Topics: Coloring Agents; DMF Index; Dental Plaque; Humans
PubMed: 31169012
DOI: 10.61872/sdj-2019-06-03 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Jun 2018This review proposes revisions to the current classification system for gingival diseases and provides a rationale for how it differs from the 1999 classification system. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review proposes revisions to the current classification system for gingival diseases and provides a rationale for how it differs from the 1999 classification system.
IMPORTANCE
Gingival inflammation in response to bacterial plaque accumulation (microbial biofilms) is considered the key risk factor for the onset of periodontitis. Thus, control of gingival inflammation is essential for the primary prevention of periodontitis.
FINDINGS
The clinical characteristics common to dental plaque-induced inflammatory gingival conditions include: a) clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation that are confined to the gingiva: b) reversibility of the inflammation by removing or disrupting the biofilm; c) the presence of a high bacterial plaque burden to initiate the inflammation; d) systemic modifying factors (e.g., hormones, systemic disorders, drugs) which can alter the severity of the plaque-induced inflammation and; e) stable (i.e., non-changing) attachment levels on a periodontium which may or may not have experienced a loss of attachment or alveolar bone. The simplified taxonomy of gingival conditions includes: 1) introduction of the term "incipient gingivitis;" 2) a description of the extent and severity of gingival inflammation; 3) a description of the extent and severity of gingival enlargement and; 4) a reduction of categories in the dental plaque-induced gingival disease taxonomy.
CONCLUSIONS
Dental plaque-induced gingival inflammation is modified by various systemic and oral factors. The appropriate intervention is crucial for the prevention of periodontitis.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 29926503
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12937 -
British Dental Journal Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque
PubMed: 38102245
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-023-6693-9 -
Georgian Medical News Nov 2020Deposits on teeth may differ in color and degree of cariogenicity. Their prevalence rate is up to 18%. The review of relevant literature revealed a lack of... (Review)
Review
Deposits on teeth may differ in color and degree of cariogenicity. Their prevalence rate is up to 18%. The review of relevant literature revealed a lack of classification of stained plaque in children. In this paper the systematization of stained plaque is proposed. The aim of our study was to systematize stained dental plaques. The literature review and two own researches, involving 154 children from 6 to 15 years and 408 children from 6 to 17 years, resulted in the proposed systematization of stained plaques, based on plaque color, its localization, degree of cariogenicity and classes of associated diseases (according to the international classification of diseases, 10th revision - ICD 10). Colored dental plaque was found in 64 children from 6 to 17 years old. It is systematized according to its color (black, brown, green, orange, blue), its localization on the tooth surface, the degree of cariogenicity (high, low) and the class of associated diseases (according to ICD 10). At present, the correlation between stained dental plaque formation and associated diseases, diet characteristics, carious process intensity, and oral microflora has not been sufficiently disclosed, and therefore these issues require further examination.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 33395647
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Contemporary Dental... Jul 2015Paleomicrobiology is a special branch of micropaleontology concerned with the study of bacterial fossils. We have used the term 'oral paleomicrobiology', as in this... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Paleomicrobiology is a special branch of micropaleontology concerned with the study of bacterial fossils. We have used the term 'oral paleomicrobiology', as in this review we have focused on the ancient oral microflora. Recently, dental calculus and dental pulp have been identified as rich sources of ancient microbial DNA. Study of this ancient genetic material opens a new door to the ancient world. This review gives an overview of history of ancient DNA research, various techniques of analyzing ancient DNA in dental calculus and dental pulp, and the implications of the oral paleomicrobiology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was performed in the following databases-pubmed, medline and google scholar for studies published before 10 April, 2015. The following keywords were used- 'ancient DNA', 'ancient oral flora, 'oral paleomicrobiology' and 'oral microbiome', '16S rRNA sequencing'. To obtain additional data, a manual search was performed using the reference lists of selected articles.
RESULT
As a result of literature search, 27 articles were found in pubmed, 12 in google scholar and one in medline. Eight more articles were selected from the reference list of selected articles.
CONCLUSION
The combination of microbiology and paleontology has brought a revolution in the study of human evolution and microbial communities. The naturally well-preserved samples of microbial DNA from dental pulp and microbial colonies trapped in dental calculus are a potential source of microbial genetic material, which will prove invaluable in resolving mysteries of the past. This may be a beginning of a new era of oral paleomicrobiology, which will contribute in our studies about prevention of disease by establishing symbiosis between human beings and their microbiome.
Topics: DNA, Bacterial; Dental Calculus; Dental Pulp; History, Ancient; Humans; Microbiota; Paleodontology; Paleontology
PubMed: 26329415
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1726