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Oral Radiology Jul 2022The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate the performance of a new deep-learning (DL) artificial intelligence (AI) model for diagnostic charting in panoramic...
OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate the performance of a new deep-learning (DL) artificial intelligence (AI) model for diagnostic charting in panoramic radiography.
METHODS
One thousand eighty-four anonymous dental panoramic radiographs were labeled by two dento-maxillofacial radiologists for ten different dental situations: crown, pontic, root-canal treated tooth, implant, implant-supported crown, impacted tooth, residual root, filling, caries, and dental calculus. AI Model CranioCatch, developed in Eskişehir, Turkey and based on a deep CNN method, was proposed to be evaluated. A Faster R-CNN Inception v2 (COCO) model implemented with the TensorFlow library was used for model development. The assessment of AI model performance was evaluated with sensitivity, precision, and F1 scores.
RESULTS
When the performance of the proposed AI model for detecting dental conditions in panoramic radiographs was evaluated, the best sensitivity values were obtained from the crown, implant, and impacted tooth as 0.9674, 0.9615, and 0.9658, respectively. The worst sensitivity values were obtained from the pontic, caries, and dental calculus, as 0.7738, 0.3026, and 0.0934, respectively. The best precision values were obtained from pontic, implant, implant-supported crown as 0.8783, 0.9259, and 0.8947, respectively. The worst precision values were obtained from residual root, caries, and dental calculus, as 0.6764, 0.5096, and 0.1923, respectively. The most successful F1 Scores were obtained from the implant, crown, and implant-supported crown, as 0.9433, 0.9122, and 0.8947, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The proposed AI model has promising results at detecting dental conditions in panoramic radiographs, except for caries and dental calculus. Thanks to the improvement of AI models in all areas of dental radiology, we predict that they will help physicians in panoramic diagnosis and treatment planning, as well as digital-based student education, especially during the pandemic period.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; Dental Calculus; Humans; Radiography, Panoramic; Tooth, Impacted
PubMed: 34611840
DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00572-0 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Jun 2021Dental plaque is a complex colorless film of bacteria that develops on the surfaces of teeth. Different mechanisms of microbial adhesion to tooth surfaces exist. Both... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Dental plaque is a complex colorless film of bacteria that develops on the surfaces of teeth. Different mechanisms of microbial adhesion to tooth surfaces exist. Both non-specific and specific types of adherence have been anticipated.
HIGHLIGHT
The present review evaluated the effect of sugar-rich diet and salivary proteins on oral hygiene and dental plaque development.
CONCLUSION
The oral microbiota is essential for maintaining and reestablishing a healthy oral cavity. Different types of sugars have different effects on the inhibition and formation of dental plaque. The peptides, proteins, and amino acids secreted by parotid glands in the oral cavity facilitate neutralizing the acidity in dental plaque and preventing dental caries. A properly balanced diet is crucial for both a healthy oral cavity and the oral microbiome.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Diet; Humans; Oral Health; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Sugars
PubMed: 33497842
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.01.007 -
British Dental Journal Dec 2022Dental calculus is recognised as a secondary aetiological factor in periodontal disease, and being a prominent plaque retentive factor, it is routinely removed by the... (Review)
Review
Dental calculus is recognised as a secondary aetiological factor in periodontal disease, and being a prominent plaque retentive factor, it is routinely removed by the dental team to maintain oral health. Conversely, dental calculus can potentially be useful in forensic studies by supplying data that may be helpful in the identification of human remains and assist in determining the cause of death. During the last few decades, dental calculus has been increasingly recognised as an informative tool to understand ancient diet and health. As an archaeological deposit, it may contain non-dietary debris which permits the exploration of human behaviour and activities. While optical and scanning electron microscopy were the original analytical methods utilised to study microparticles entrapped within the calcified matrix, more recently, molecular approaches, including ancient DNA (aDNA) and protein analyses, have been applied. Oral bacteria, a major component of calculus, is the primary target of these aDNA studies. Such analyses can detect changes in the oral microbiota, including those that have reflected the shift from agriculture to industrialisation, as well as identifying markers for various systemic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Dental Calculus; Oral Health; Archaeology; Dental Plaque; Microbiota
PubMed: 36494546
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-5266-7 -
Journal of Periodontology Sep 2023Current periodontal treatment involves instrumentation using hand and/or ultrasonic instruments, which are used either alone or in combination based on patient and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Current periodontal treatment involves instrumentation using hand and/or ultrasonic instruments, which are used either alone or in combination based on patient and clinician preference, with comparable clinical outcomes. This study sought to investigate early and later changes in the subgingival biofilm following periodontal treatment, to identify whether these changes were associated with treatment outcomes, and to investigate whether the biofilm responded differently to hand compared with ultrasonic instruments.
METHODS
This was a secondary-outcome analysis of a randomized-controlled trial. Thirty-eight periodontitis patients received full-mouth subgingival instrumentation using hand (n = 20) or ultrasonic instrumentation (n = 18). Subgingival plaque was sampled at baseline and 1, 7, and 90 days following treatment. Bacterial DNA was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Periodontal clinical parameters were evaluated before and after treatment.
RESULTS
Biofilm composition was comparable in both (hand and ultrasonics) treatment groups at all time points (all genera and species; p[adjusted] > 0.05). Large-scale changes were observed within groups across time points. At days 1 and 7, taxonomic diversity and dysbiosis were reduced, with an increase in health-associated genera including Streptococcus and Rothia equating to 30% to 40% of the relative abundance. When reassessed at day 90 a subset of samples reformed a microbiome more comparable with baseline, which was independent of instrumentation choice and residual disease.
CONCLUSIONS
Hand and ultrasonic instruments induced comparable impacts on the subgingival plaque microbiome. There were marked early changes in the subgingival biofilm composition, although there was limited evidence that community shifts associated with treatment outcomes.
Topics: Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Periodontitis; Dental Plaque; Microbiota; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36960491
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.22-0749 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Sep 2023To determine if oral hygiene is associated with infective endocarditis (IE) among those at moderate risk for IE.
OBJECTIVE
To determine if oral hygiene is associated with infective endocarditis (IE) among those at moderate risk for IE.
STUDY DESIGN
This is a case control study of oral hygiene among hospitalized patients with IE (cases) and outpatients with heart valve disease but without IE (controls). The primary outcome was the mean dental calculus index. Secondary outcomes included other measures of oral hygiene and periodontal disease (e.g., dental plaque, gingivitis) and categorization of blood culture bacterial species in case participants.
RESULTS
The 62 case participants had 53% greater mean dental calculus index than the 119 control participants (0.84, 0.55, respectively; difference = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.48; P = .002) and 26% greater mean dental plaque index (0.88, 0.70, respectively; difference = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.01.0.36; P = .043). Overall, cases reported fewer dentist and dental hygiene visits (P = .013) and fewer dental visits in the 12 weeks before enrollment than controls (P = .007). Common oral bacteria were identified from blood cultures in 27 of 62 cases (44%).
CONCLUSIONS
These data provide evidence to support and strengthen current American Heart Association guidance that those at risk for IE can reduce potential sources of IE-related bacteremia by maintaining optimal oral health through regular professional dental care and oral hygiene procedures.
Topics: Humans; Oral Hygiene; Dental Calculus; Case-Control Studies; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Endocarditis
PubMed: 37085335
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2023.02.020 -
Evidence-based Dentistry Dec 2022Data sources Searches were performed using broad search terms and suitable Boolean operators and Medical Subject Headings terms on the electronic databases PubMed (US... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Data sources Searches were performed using broad search terms and suitable Boolean operators and Medical Subject Headings terms on the electronic databases PubMed (US National Library archive), EBSCOHost (Dentistry and Oral Sciences) (US Corporate Research Database), Scopus (Elsevier Archive) and the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews with no relevant time limit.Study selection Randomised control trials were included where adults were participants and using miswak sticks to brush was the independent variable. The primary outcome reviewed was the effect on periodontal health, with secondary outcomes including oral health practices. Exclusion criteria were applied to studies including patients with orthodontic appliances.Data extraction and synthesis Data extraction was led by a single author, with further authors (where necessary) assessing accuracy and appropriateness. Data extracted included first author, publication year, study design and setting, sample size, description of the participant, the intervention and comparison, clinical measurements, assessment interval and wash-out period. An I2 test with confidence intervals was performed, showing the included studies to display heterogeneity in methodology and outcome measures. As such, a random effects model was used for the meta-analysis of effect size. Further subgroup analysis of the included papers was completed and presented in a forest plot format. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was employed.Results In total, 150 abstracts were screened, with ten RCTs included and nine utilised in a descriptive meta-analysis. The findings claimed that miswak offered similar outcomes to toothbrushing when considering mean plaque score (p = 0.08; SMD: 0.39 and 95% CI: 0.05-0.83) and mean gingivitis score (p = 0.37; SMD: 0.13, and 95% CI: 0.16-0.43). A further significant secondary outcome was noted, showing reduced mean plaque scores (p = 0.01; SMD: 0.68, and 95% CI: 0.14-1.22) and reduced gingivitis score (p = 0.04; SMD: 0.66, and 95% CI: 0.03-1.29) when miswak was used in addition to toothbrushing.Conclusions Miswak sticks may offer similar plaque reduction to brushing and may reduce plaque-induced gingivitis when used as an adjunct to toothbrushing. However, more evidence is required in this area.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Dental Devices, Home Care; Periodontal Diseases; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36526841
DOI: 10.1038/s41432-022-0833-y -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Nov 2022Research raises standards for working with anthropological collections.
Research raises standards for working with anthropological collections.
Topics: Humans; Anthropology; Pneumonia; Racism; Dental Records; Dental Calculus; Social Justice
PubMed: 36378986
DOI: 10.1126/science.adf6049 -
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Apr 2023Segmenting dental plaque from images of medical reagent staining provides valuable information for diagnosis and the determination of follow-up treatment plan. However,...
Segmenting dental plaque from images of medical reagent staining provides valuable information for diagnosis and the determination of follow-up treatment plan. However, accurate dental plaque segmentation is a challenging task that requires identifying teeth and dental plaque subjected to semantic-blur regions (i.e., confused boundaries in border regions between teeth and dental plaque) and complex variations of instance shapes, which are not fully addressed by existing methods. Therefore, we propose a semantic decomposition network (SDNet) that introduces two single-task branches to separately address the segmentation of teeth and dental plaque and designs additional constraints to learn category-specific features for each branch, thus facilitating the semantic decomposition and improving the performance of dental plaque segmentation. Specifically, SDNet learns two separate segmentation branches for teeth and dental plaque in a divide-and-conquer manner to decouple the entangled relation between them. Each branch that specifies a category tends to yield accurate segmentation. To help these two branches better focus on category-specific features, two constraint modules are further proposed: 1) contrastive constraint module (CCM) to learn discriminative feature representations by maximizing the distance between different category representations, so as to reduce the negative impact of semantic-blur regions on feature extraction; 2) structural constraint module (SCM) to provide complete structural information for dental plaque of various shapes by the supervision of an boundary-aware geometric constraint. Besides, we construct a large-scale open-source Stained Dental Plaque Segmentation dataset (SDPSeg), which provides high-quality annotations for teeth and dental plaque. Experimental results on SDPSeg datasets show SDNet achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Semantics; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 36367911
DOI: 10.1109/TMI.2022.3221529 -
Journal of Biological Regulators and... 2018Infective endocarditis is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. The link to oral bacteria has been known for many decades and has caused ongoing... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Infective endocarditis is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. The link to oral bacteria has been known for many decades and has caused ongoing concern for dentists, patients and cardiologists. The microbiota of the mouth is extremely diverse and more than 700 bacterial species have been detected. Half of them are uncultivable so far. Oral microbiota is not uniform, specific sites exist in the mouth such as tongue, palate, cheek, teeth and periodontal pockets that have their own microbiota. Factors involved in the development of a bacterial endocarditis are difficult to define but a vulnerable surface (i.e. a damaged endocardium) and a high bacterial load in the blood seems to be decisive. The cause of microorganisms, in 90% of cases, are staphylococcus, streptococcus and enterococcus. Oral streptococci belong to viridans group (streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis). As they are part of dental plaque, they could enter the bloodstream causing bacteraemia through daily habits like chewing or tooth brushing. Effective treatment of periodontal infections is important to reduce local inflammation and bacteraemia. In addition, poor periodontal health appears to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, and preterm and low birth weight.
CONCLUSIONS
Long-standing oral disease prevention protocols reduce the risk of developing periodontal disease. Data suggests that methods used to prevent cases of IE that originate from oral bacteria should focus on improving oral hygiene and reducing or eliminating gingivitis, which should reduce the incidence of bacteraemia after tooth-brushing and the need to extract teeth owing to periodontal disease and caries.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 29460534
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Jun 2023The onset and development of periodontitis centers around microbiota dysbiosis and disrupted host responses. Dynamic metabolic activities of the subgingival microbiota... (Review)
Review
The onset and development of periodontitis centers around microbiota dysbiosis and disrupted host responses. Dynamic metabolic activities of the subgingival microbiota modify the polymicrobial community, shape the microenvironment, and modulate the host response. A complicated metabolic network exists in interspecies interactions between periodontal pathobionts and commensals, which can lead to the development of dysbiotic plaque. Dysbiotic subgingival microbiota undergo metabolic interactions with the host and disrupt host-microbe equilibrium. In this review, we discuss the metabolic profiles of the subgingival microbiota, the metabolic crosstalk in polymicrobial communities, including pathobionts and commensals, and the metabolic interactions between microbes and the host.
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; Periodontitis; Microbiota; Dental Plaque; Symbiosis
PubMed: 36811357
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12409