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Current Opinion in Ophthalmology Jul 2018To summarize the various extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses currently available to patients and to describe visual outcomes and patient satisfaction. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To summarize the various extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses currently available to patients and to describe visual outcomes and patient satisfaction.
RECENT FINDINGS
EDOF lenses are a relatively new option for presbyopic correction. Preliminary studies show high levels of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction. The only United States Federal Drug Administration-approved intraocular lens currently on market is the TECNIS Symfony (Johnson and Johnson Vision, Jacksonville, FL).
SUMMARY
Early studies show that EDOF lenses may provide satisfactory near and intermediate vision with reduced incidence of haloes and glares often noted by patients implanted with multifocal lenses. Results are promising, but limited.
Topics: Depth Perception; Humans; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Lenses, Intraocular; Presbyopia; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 29697436
DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000490 -
Neuron May 2021Predators use vision to hunt, and hunting success is one of evolution's main selection pressures. However, how viewing strategies and visual systems are adapted to...
Predators use vision to hunt, and hunting success is one of evolution's main selection pressures. However, how viewing strategies and visual systems are adapted to predation is unclear. Tracking predator-prey interactions of mice and crickets in 3D, we find that mice trace crickets with their binocular visual fields and that monocular mice are poor hunters. Mammalian binocular vision requires ipsi- and contralateral projections of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to the brain. Large-scale single-cell recordings and morphological reconstructions reveal that only a small subset (9 of 40+) of RGC types in the ventrotemporal mouse retina innervate ipsilateral brain areas (ipsi-RGCs). Selective ablation of ipsi-RGCs (<2% of RGCs) in the adult retina drastically reduces the hunting success of mice. Stimuli based on ethological observations indicate that five ipsi-RGC types reliably signal prey. Thus, viewing strategies align with a spatially restricted and cell-type-specific set of ipsi-RGCs that supports binocular vision to guide predation.
Topics: Animals; Depth Perception; Functional Laterality; Mice; Predatory Behavior; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Vision, Binocular; Visual Pathways
PubMed: 33784498
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.010 -
Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... May 2022The biological visual system encodes optical information into spikes and processes them by the neural network, which enables the perception with high throughput of...
The biological visual system encodes optical information into spikes and processes them by the neural network, which enables the perception with high throughput of visual processing with ultralow energy budget. This has inspired a wide spectrum of devices to imitate such neural process, while precise mimicking such procedure is still highly required. Here, a highly bio-realistic photoelectric spiking neuron for visual depth perception is presented. The firing spikes generated by the TaO memristive spiking encoders have a biologically similar frequency range of 1-200 Hz and sub-micro watts power. Such spiking encoder is integrated with a photodetector and a network of neuromorphic transistors, for information collection and recognition tasks, respectively. The distance-dependent response and eye fatigue of biological visual systems have been mimicked based on such photoelectric spiking neuron. The simulated depth perception shows a recognition improvement by adapting to sights at different distances. The results can advance the technologies in bioinspired or robotic systems that may be endowed with depth perception and power efficiency at the same time.
Topics: Depth Perception; Neural Networks, Computer; Neurons; Visual Perception
PubMed: 35305270
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201895 -
Archivos de La Sociedad Espanola de... Oct 2021
Topics: Depth Perception; Lens, Crystalline
PubMed: 34620479
DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2021.07.002 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Mar 2022
From specialized skin to sensing whiskers to unique depth perception mechanisms to novel eyes and much, much more: The distinctive ways marine mammals interact with their world are explored in a Special Issue of the The Anatomical Record.
Topics: Animals; Cetacea; Depth Perception; Touch; Touch Perception; Vibrissae
PubMed: 35146950
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24866 -
Perception Jul 2018Random-dot stereograms have been widely used to explore the neural mechanisms underlying binocular vision. Although they are a powerful tool to stimulate motion-in-depth...
Random-dot stereograms have been widely used to explore the neural mechanisms underlying binocular vision. Although they are a powerful tool to stimulate motion-in-depth (MID) perception, published results report some difficulties in the capacity to perceive MID generated by random-dot stereograms. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the performance of MID perception could be improved using an appropriate stimulus design. Sixteen inexperienced observers participated in the experiment. A training session was carried out to improve the accuracy of MID detection before the experiment. Four aspects of stimulus design were investigated: presence of a static reference, background texture, relative disparity, and stimulus contrast. Participants' performance in MID direction discrimination was recorded and compared to evaluate whether varying these factors helped MID perception. Results showed that only the presence of background texture had a significant effect on MID direction perception. This study provides suggestions for the design of 3D stimuli in order to facilitate MID perception.
Topics: Adult; Depth Perception; Humans; Motion Perception; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Young Adult
PubMed: 29914316
DOI: 10.1177/0301006618775026 -
Attention, Perception & Psychophysics Apr 2021The natural environment is full of redundant information that the visual system compresses into an ensemble representation by averaging features of groups of items....
The natural environment is full of redundant information that the visual system compresses into an ensemble representation by averaging features of groups of items. Ensemble perception has been shown to operate with remarkable flexibility, efficiently integrating information across a variety of visual domains. In the current set of experiments, we tested whether average size representations reflect the physical size of objects displayed on a screen or perceptual transformations due to size constancy. We induced a perceptual change by presenting sets of triangles with linear perspective cues - lines converging at the horizon. Assuming a constant size, these cues cause individual objects "in the distance" to appear larger than objects without distance cues, due to size constancy heuristics. Observers viewed sets of triangles with and without linear perspective cues and judged whether a subsequently presented test triangle was larger or smaller than the average size of the preceding set. Results revealed ensemble size representations took size constancy into account, reflecting the perceived size of the triangles rather than their absolute size. Interestingly, the amount of bias exhibited was well characterized by the summed bias associated with each of the three triangles presented individually. Other pictorial cues to depth, such as occlusion and height-in-field, did not elicit the same bias when those were the only depth cues available. Overall, our results complement and extend other work showing that average size reflects the perceptual size of individual items in a set.
Topics: Cues; Depth Perception; Distance Perception; Humans; Judgment; Size Perception
PubMed: 33083990
DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02144-6 -
Strabismus Mar 2022Wheatstone's demonstration of binocular single vision and depth with stimulation of non-corresponding points reverberated throughout mid-nineteenth century German visual...
Wheatstone's demonstration of binocular single vision and depth with stimulation of non-corresponding points reverberated throughout mid-nineteenth century German visual science. It challenged the received view that single vision was a consequence of retinal correspondence otherwise objects were seen double. Wheatstone also argued that stimulation of corresponding points could yield double vision. He interpreted his experimental observations in psychological rather than physiological terms, as did Helmholtz later. Volkmann addressed both of these challenges in a long article on stereoscopic vision published in 1859. While he accepted the first of the questions Wheatstone posed Volkmann was more cautious with regard to the second. Volkmann was an experimentalist who applied psychophysical methods to determine thresholds for stereoscopic depth perception. In line with many of his colleagues in Germany, he took issue implicitly with Wheatstone's approach: how can the detailed quantitative experiments supporting Vieth and Müller's interpretation of binocular single vision be derailed by simple observations with a stereoscope? Unlike most of his colleagues, Volkmann was swayed in Wheatstone's favor through his own experiments: both physiological and psychological processes are involved in stereoscopic depth perception.
Topics: Depth Perception; Diplopia; Germany; Humans; Male; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 34989639
DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2022.2022835 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2018When occlusion and binocular disparity cues conflict, what visual features determine how they combine? Sensory cues, such as T-junctions, have been suggested to be...
When occlusion and binocular disparity cues conflict, what visual features determine how they combine? Sensory cues, such as T-junctions, have been suggested to be necessary for occlusion to influence stereoscopic depth perception. Here we show that illusory occlusion, with no retinal sensory cues, interacts with binocular disparity when perceiving depth. We generated illusory occlusion using stimuli filled in across the retinal blind spot. Observers viewed two bars forming a cross with the intersection positioned within the blind spot. One of the bars was presented binocularly with a disparity signal; the other was presented monocularly, extending through the blind spot, with no defined disparity. When the monocular bar was perceived as filled in through the blind spot, it was perceived as occluding the binocular bar, generating illusory occlusion. We found that this illusory occlusion influenced perceived stereoscopic depth: depth estimates were biased to be closer or farther, depending on whether a bar was perceived as in front of or behind the other bar, respectively. Therefore, the perceived relative depth position, based on filling-in cues, set boundaries for interpreting metric stereoscopic depth cues. This suggests that filling-in can produce opaque surface representations that can trump other depth cues such as disparity.
Topics: Adult; Cues; Depth Perception; Female; Humans; Male; Optical Illusions; Probability; Retina; Vision Disparity; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular
PubMed: 29593236
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23548-3 -
Journal of Vision Apr 2024The perceived slant of a stereoscopic surface is altered by the presence of a surrounding surface, a phenomenon termed stereo slant contrast. Previous studies have shown...
The perceived slant of a stereoscopic surface is altered by the presence of a surrounding surface, a phenomenon termed stereo slant contrast. Previous studies have shown that a slanted surround causes a fronto-parallel surface to appear slanted in the opposite direction, an instance of "bidirectional" contrast. A few studies have examined slant contrast using slanted as opposed to fronto-parallel test surfaces, and these also have shown slant contrast. Here, we use a matching method to examine slant contrast over a wide range of combinations of surround and test slants, one aim being to determine whether stereo slant contrast transfers across opposite directions of test and surround slant. We also examine the effect of the test on the perceived slant of the surround. Test slant contrast was found to be bidirectional in virtually all test-surround combinations and transferred across opposite test and surround slants, with little or no decline in magnitude as the test-surround slant difference approached the limit. There was a weak bidirectional effect of the test slant on the perceived slant of the surround. We consider how our results might be explained by four mechanisms: (a) normalization of stereo slant to vertical; (b) divisive normalization of stereo slant channels in a manner analogous to the tilt illusion; (c) interactions between center and surround disparity-gradient detectors; and (d) uncertainty in slant estimation. We conclude that the third of these (interactions between center and surround disparity-gradient detectors) is the most likely cause of stereo slant contrast.
Topics: Humans; Depth Perception; Contrast Sensitivity; Photic Stimulation; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 38683571
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.4.24