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Critical Effect of the Detergent:Protein Ratio on the Formation of the Hepatitis C Virus p7 Channel.Biochemistry Sep 2019The p7 protein encoded by the hepatitis C virus forms a cation-selective viroporin in the membrane. One of the most intriguing findings about the p7 viroporin is its... (Review)
Review
The p7 protein encoded by the hepatitis C virus forms a cation-selective viroporin in the membrane. One of the most intriguing findings about the p7 viroporin is its unique hexameric structure in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the hexameric structure was recently challenged by another NMR study of p7, also in DPC detergent, which claimed that the p7 in this detergent is monomeric. Here, we show that p7 oligomerization is highly sensitive to the detergent:protein ratio used in protein reconstitution and that the 40-fold difference in this ratio between the two studies was the cause of their different conclusions. In addition, we have performed extensive measurements of interchain paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) for p7 hexamers reconstituted in DPC micelles and in 1,2-dimyristoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dihexanoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine bicelles. In both cases, interchain PREs are overall consistent with the hexameric structure determined in micelles. Our data validate the overall architecture of the p7 hexamer while highlighting the importance of the detergent:protein ratio in membrane protein sample preparation.
Topics: Detergents; Hepacivirus; Protein Structure, Secondary
PubMed: 31468972
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00636 -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Aug 2022Detergents are the most frequently applied reagents in membrane protein (MP) studies. The limited diversity of one-head-one-tailed traditional detergents, however, is...
Detergents are the most frequently applied reagents in membrane protein (MP) studies. The limited diversity of one-head-one-tailed traditional detergents, however, is far from sufficient for structurally distinct MPs. Expansion of detergent repertoire has a continuous momentum. In line with the speculation that detergent pre-assembly exerts superiority, herein we report for the first time cross-conjugation of two series of monomeric detergents for constructing a two-dimensional library of dimeric detergents. Optimum detergents stood out with unique preferences in the systematic evaluation of individual MPs. Furthermore, unprecedented hybrid detergents 14M8G and 14M9G enabled high-quality EM study of transporter MsbA and NMR study of G protein-coupled receptor A AR, respectively. Given the abundance of cross-coupling chemistries, comprehensive diversity could be readily covered that would facilitate the finding of new detergents for the manipulation of thorny MPs and innovation of the functional and structural study in future.
Topics: Detergents; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Membrane Proteins; Micelles
PubMed: 35608006
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201388 -
Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy Mar 2023The use of detergent-action drugs in traditional Unani therapeutic intervention has been a long-standing Unani medicinal practice. The key aim of the article is to... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The use of detergent-action drugs in traditional Unani therapeutic intervention has been a long-standing Unani medicinal practice. The key aim of the article is to provide thorough information on the novel, unexplored idea of Unani Jali (detergent/cleansers) drugs for the treatment of skin ailments, as well as to identify medicinal plants that have detergent action and correlate these findings with scientific studies that may support evidence for the drug's detergent effect.
CONTENT
The ethnobotanical classical literature of Unani medicine was investigated in order to have a comprehensive insight of Unani detergents/cleansers. Scientific studies were carried from databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and google Scholar, among others. More than fifty exclusive plant, mineral, and animal-based detergents are found specifically for skin disorders in Unani therapy. These drugs basically evacuate impurities from the body's excretory system and and have been found to have keratolytic and debris-peeling effects, as well as the ability to maintain skin tone consistency. Unani Jali drugs have also been found to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and tonic properties, suggesting its usefulness holistically.
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
Based on phyto constituents, prospective therapeutic response, and scientific data, this review proposes that Unani Jali drugs could be a safe and promising therapeutic option for dermatological illnesses such as vitiligo, acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin sensitivity.
Topics: Animals; Detergents; Plants, Medicinal; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36001460
DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2022-0121 -
Environmental Research Sep 2022Microplastics pollution in the aquatic system has received significant attention due to their recalcitrant nature and ecotoxicological threat. Municipal wastewater...
Microplastics pollution in the aquatic system has received significant attention due to their recalcitrant nature and ecotoxicological threat. Municipal wastewater typically contains various microplastics with synthetic microfibers as a significant constituent from the laundry process. The fate of microfibers in conventional wastewater processes is not clearly understood. In this study, the effect of coagulation on microfibers obtained from a lint screen of a domestic dryer and resuspended in pure water, and also in laundry wastewater was investigated using ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride (PACl). The removal efficiency of the microfibers resuspended in pure water varied from 86% to 96% depending on the fiber size ranges: < 90 μm, 90-125 μm, and >125 μm with the smaller size microfibers showing a lower removal efficiency. Surfactant present in detergent in laundry wastewater reduced the microfibers removal efficiency to 0-37%, however, the addition of PACl increased microfibers removal to 90%. The optimal PACl concentrations for ≥90% removal were 1.75, 2, 4, and 6 mg/L for 0.5, 2, 4, 8 mg/L detergent, respectively. Zeta potential, FTIR, and SEM analysis were applied to observe the surface changes of microfibers during coagulation indicating possible mechanisms of coagulation. The dominant mechanisms for coagulation of microfibers by FeCl and PACl seem to be charge neutralization and adsorption-bridging. This work provided some insights about the fate of laundry microfibers in primary treatment processes.
Topics: Detergents; Microplastics; Plastics; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 35523274
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113401 -
Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2023This study aims to find a moderate pullulanase for detergent industry. The gene (2217 bp) from Y103 was cloned and expressed in . PulY103B contained four conserved...
This study aims to find a moderate pullulanase for detergent industry. The gene (2217 bp) from Y103 was cloned and expressed in . PulY103B contained four conserved regions of glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 13 and the typical sequence of type I pullulanase. The optimal reaction conditions of PulY103B were pH 6.5 and 40 °C. In addition, it remained stable below 40 °C and over 80% of activity was retained at pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.5. The best substrate for the enzyme was pullulan. Furthermore, it exhibited activity toward wheat starch (36.5%) and soluble starch (33.4%) but had no activity toward amylose and glycogen. Maltotriose and maltohexaose were major pullulan hydrolysis products. Soluble starch and amylopectin were mainly hydrolyzed into maltotetraose. These results indicated that PulY103B is a novel type I pullulanase with transglycosylation activity via formation of α-1,4-glucosidic linkages. Moreover, PulY103B was strongly stimulated by nonionic detergents [viz, Tween 20 (10%), Tween 80 (1%), Triton X-100 (20%)] and commercial liquid detergents (3.0 g/L). Wash performance tests demonstrated that the mixture of PulY103B and detergent removed starch-based stains better than using detergent alone ( < 0.05). Therefore, this pullulanase has big potential as a detergent additive.
Topics: Bacillus megaterium; Detergents; Amino Acid Sequence; Starch; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 36271878
DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2134890 -
Biotechnology and Bioengineering Oct 2016Membrane proteins (MPs) are of rapidly growing interest in the design of pharmaceutical products, novel sensors, and synthetic membranes. Ultrafiltration (UF) using...
Membrane proteins (MPs) are of rapidly growing interest in the design of pharmaceutical products, novel sensors, and synthetic membranes. Ultrafiltration (UF) using commercially available centrifugal concentrators is typically employed for laboratory-scale concentration of low-yield MPs, but its use is accompanied by a concomitant increase in concentration of detergent micelles. We present a detailed analysis of the hydrodynamic processes that control detergent passage during ultrafiltration of MPs and propose methods to optimize detergent passage during protein concentration in larger-scale membrane processes. Experiments were conducted using nonionic detergents, octyl-β-D glucoside (OG), and decyl-β-D maltoside (DM) with the bacterial water channel protein, Aquaporin Z (AqpZ) and the light driven chloride pump, halorhodopsin (HR), respectively. The observed sieving coefficient (So ), a measure of detergent passage, was evaluated in both stirred cell and centrifugal systems. So for DM and OG increased with increasing filtrate flux and decreasing shear rates in the stirred cell, that is, with increasing concentration polarization (CP). Similar effects were observed during filtration of MP-detergent (MPD) micelles. However, lower transmission was observed in the centrifugal system for both detergent and MPD systems. This is attributed to free convection-induced shear and hence reduced CP along the membrane surface during centrifugal UF. Thus to concentrate MPs without retention of detergent, design of UF systems that promote CP is required. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2122-2130. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Centrifugation; Detergents; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Membrane Proteins; Ultrafiltration
PubMed: 27563851
DOI: 10.1002/bit.25973 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... May 2017In contrast to the released/circulating membrane vesicles (extracellular vesicles), cell-bound membrane vesicles are poorly identified and characterized. In this study,...
In contrast to the released/circulating membrane vesicles (extracellular vesicles), cell-bound membrane vesicles are poorly identified and characterized. In this study, cell-bound membrane vesicles on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human hepatoma HepG-2 cells were investigated. We identified that cell-bound membrane vesicles are not co-localized with the major markers for extracellular vesicles (e.g. phosphatidylserine, CD63, CD107α, CD31, and DNA fragments for the three well-known types of extracellular vesicles) and for intracellular organelles with similar sizes (e.g. MitoTracker and LAMP1/LAMP3 for mitochondria and multivesicular bodies or lysosomes, respectively). The data imply that cell-bound membrane vesicles are neither the precursors of extracellular vesicles nor a false structure pushed up by an intracellular organelle but probably a novel unknown structure in the plasma membrane. Moreover, we revealed that cell-bound membrane vesicles are resistant to various detergents including but probably not limited to Triton X-100, SDS, and saponin. We further characterized that these unique vesicles are soluble in organic solvents (e.g. chloroform-methanol mixture and ethanol) which can be prevented by a lipid-stabilizing fixative (e.g. OsO) and that they are co-localized with, but do not monopolize, the major markers (e.g. caveolin-1 and GM1) for lipid rafts (a nano-sized detergent-resistant domains in the plasma membrane). The data imply that cell-bound membrane vesicles contain the lipid component and lipid rafts. Involvement of other specific unknown components might explain the detergent resistance of cell-bound membrane vesicles. Further research will mainly depend on the establishment of an effective approach for isolation/purification of these vesicles from the plasma membrane.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Detergents; Extracellular Vesicles; Hep G2 Cells; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Membrane Microdomains; Organelles; Solubility
PubMed: 28088446
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.013 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Nov 2016Stability of detergent-solubilized G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is crucial for their purification in a biologically relevant state, and it is well-known that...
Stability of detergent-solubilized G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is crucial for their purification in a biologically relevant state, and it is well-known that short chain detergents such as octylglucoside are more denaturing than long chain detergents such as dodecylmaltoside. However, the molecular basis for this phenomenon is poorly understood. To gain insights into the mechanism of detergent destabilization of GPCRs, we used atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of thermostabilized adenosine receptor (AR) mutants embedded in either a lipid bilayer or detergent micelles of alkylmaltosides and alkylglucosides. AR mutants in dodecylmaltoside or phospholipid showed low flexibility and good interhelical packing. In contrast, AR mutants in either octylglucoside or nonylglucoside showed decreased α-helicity in transmembrane regions, decreased α-helical packing, and the interpenetration of detergent molecules between transmembrane α-helices. This was not observed in octylglucoside containing phospholipid. Cholesteryl hemisuccinate in dodecylmaltoside increased the energetic stability of the receptor by wedging into crevices on the hydrophobic surface of AR, increasing packing interactions within the receptor and stiffening the detergent micelle. The data suggest a three-stage process for the initial events in the destabilization of GPCRs by octylglucoside: (i) highly mobile detergent molecules form small micelles around the receptor; (ii) loss of α-helicity and decreased interhelical packing interactions in transmembrane regions are promoted by increased receptor thermal motion; (iii) transient separation of transmembrane helices allowed penetration of detergent molecules into the core of the receptor. The relative hydration of the headgroup and alkyl chain correlates with detergent harshness and suggests new avenues to develop milder versions of octylglucoside for receptor crystallization.
Topics: Detergents; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Mutation; Protein Stability; Receptor, Adenosine A2A
PubMed: 27792324
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08742 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Detergents are crucially needed for the purification of drug targets: membrane proteins. Here, a method is described that combines tunable detergent technology and...
Detergents are crucially needed for the purification of drug targets: membrane proteins. Here, a method is described that combines tunable detergent technology and established laboratory techniques to tailor the affinity purification and structural analysis of membrane proteins.
Topics: Detergents; Membrane Proteins; Micelles
PubMed: 35773592
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2368-8_19 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Jun 2024Detergent chemistry enables applications in the world today while harming safe operating spaces that humanity needs for survival. Aim of this review is to support a... (Review)
Review
Detergent chemistry enables applications in the world today while harming safe operating spaces that humanity needs for survival. Aim of this review is to support a holistic thought process in the design of detergent chemistry. We harness the planetary boundary concept as a framework for literature survey to identify progresses and knowledge gaps in context with detergent chemistry and five planetary boundaries that are currently transgressed, i.e., climate, freshwater, land system, novel entities, biosphere integrity. Our survey unveils the status of three critical challenges to be addressed in the years to come, including (i) the implementation of a holistically, climate-friendly detergent industry; (ii) the alignment of materialistic and social aspects in creating technical solutions by means of sustainable chemistry; (iii) the development of detergents that serve the purpose of applications but do not harm the biosphere in their role as novel entities. Specifically, medically relevant case reports revealed that even the most sophisticated detergent design cannot sufficiently accelerate drug discovery to outperform the antibiotic resistance development that detergents simultaneously promote as novel entities. Safe operating spaces that humanity needs for its survival may be secured by directing future efforts beyond sustainable chemistry, resource efficiency, and net zero emission targets.
Topics: Detergents; Drug Discovery; Humans; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38619211
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403833