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Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy Sep 2017Just as Freud used stages of psychosexual development to ground his model of psychoanalysis, it is possible to do the same with Erik Erikson's stages of development with... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Just as Freud used stages of psychosexual development to ground his model of psychoanalysis, it is possible to do the same with Erik Erikson's stages of development with regards to a model of psychodynamic psychotherapy. This paper proposes an eight-stage model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. Various suggestions are offered. One such suggestion is that as each of Erikson's developmental stages is triggered by a crisis, in therapy it is triggered by the client's search. The resolution of the search often leads to the development of another search, which implies that the therapy process comprises a series of searches. This idea of a series of searches and resolutions leads to the understanding that identity is developmental and therapy is a space in which a new sense of identity may emerge. The notion of hope is linked to Erikson's stage of Basic Trust and the proposed model of therapy views hope and trust as essential for the therapy process. Two clinical vignettes are offered to illustrate these ideas.
KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE
Psychotherapy can be approached as an eight-stage process and linked to Erikson's eight stages model of development. Psychotherapy may be viewed as a series of searches and thus as a developmental stage resolution process, which leads to the understanding that identity is ongoing throughout the life span.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Personality Development; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic; Social Behavior
PubMed: 28124459
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2066 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Jan 2024As children age, there are set milestones that we follow clinically to help track fine motor, gross motor, social, and language development. Because we know what a...
As children age, there are set milestones that we follow clinically to help track fine motor, gross motor, social, and language development. Because we know what a 2-month-old vs 4-month-old vs 1-year-old child should be able to do, we are able to assess whether a given child is on track developmentally. In pediatrics, three developmental stages are assessed and, if, behind there is a clear next step, often to involve early intervention. In child psychiatry, work has been done to establish stages of development as well, seen through the work of Piaget, Erickson, and others. These stages help to define the thoughts and behaviors expected for different-aged children, and thus can help with putting together our diagnostic formulation. The difficulty is that these stages are much broader temporally then the early motor, social, and language developmental milestones. Students may also be participating in the same experiences, such as the same grade level, even though they are at different developmental levels based on their age when they started school, as there could be as much as a year difference between those in a given grade. This has led to concerns about being able to distinguish a child struggling with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to a child who is younger than his peers, as teachers may compare a young child to their older peers when filling out assessment forms. These are the developmental questions that we often must ponder as child psychiatrists, inasmuch as mental health and behavioral development are complex and influenced by many factors. In this month's Book Forum, Rishab Chawla looks more into these questions in the review of Nasty, Brutish and Short by Scott Hershovitz, pointing out that there is an overlap between the skills of a child psychiatrist to assess the behavioral impact of these developmental questions and the philosophical questions that younger children start to ponder. The child's developmental understanding of right and wrong will better help us to assess the behaviors that present to us in the office. As Rishab points out in the review, we must ask more about these children whom we see regarding these philosophical questions to better understand some of the behaviors present. Looking more deeply into a student's understanding of these questions may better help us to distinguish developmentally appropriate or inappropriate behaviors.
Topics: Child; Humans; Aged; Infant; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Schools; Mental Health; Peer Group
PubMed: 37805068
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.542 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Jan 2018Pediatric dentistry provides primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, together with special... (Review)
Review
Pediatric dentistry provides primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, together with special health care needs. This specialty encompasses a variety of skills, disciplines, procedures and techniques that share a common origin with other dental specialties however these have been modified and reformed to the distinctive requirements of infants, children, adolescents and special health care needs. Disciplines comprise of behavior guidance, care of the medically and developmentally compromised and disabled patient, supervision of orofacial growth and development, caries prevention, sedation, pharmacological management, and hospital dentistry including other traditional fields of dentistry. The skills apply to the ever-changing stages of dental, physical, and psychosocial development for treating conditions and diseases distinctive to growing individuals. Hence with the changing scope of practice it is imperative that the clinician stays updated with the current evidence based trends in practice, collaborates with other disciplines and Imparts quality oral health care tailored to the specific needs of every child.
PubMed: 29326814
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2017.12.005 -
WormBook : the Online Review of C.... Aug 2018Dauer diapause is a stress-resistant, developmentally quiescent, and long-lived larval stage adopted by Caenorhabditis elegans when conditions are unfavorable for growth... (Review)
Review
Dauer diapause is a stress-resistant, developmentally quiescent, and long-lived larval stage adopted by Caenorhabditis elegans when conditions are unfavorable for growth and reproduction. This chapter contains methods to induce dauer larva formation, to isolate dauer larvae, and to study pre- and post-dauer stages.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Diapause; Larva
PubMed: 27417559
DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.180.1 -
Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Jun 2019News in medicine has an obligation to be helpful, accurate, comprehensible for the intended audience and part of an on-going professional relationship that enables the...
News in medicine has an obligation to be helpful, accurate, comprehensible for the intended audience and part of an on-going professional relationship that enables the best outcomes available. These obligations have special poignancy when the news is bad, the patient is a child and the news scene is a busy medical practice, clinic or hospital. This paper aims to outline specific ways of being helpful when delivering bad news, within the constraints of daily practice, to a wide variety of developmentally different children at different stages in the family life cycle. The paper specifies the purpose, tasks, obstacles and practicalities of giving adverse information about the health of children in our clinical work. Adverse news needs to be embedded within delivering news more generally in our work. This presupposes a trusting relationship, an accurate understanding of the news to be delivered and a capacity to communicate medical complexity to the intended audience. There are multiple audiences for our medical news, at different developmental stages, each of whom needs help to 'hear the news' in different ways. Each developmental period within a broader family life cycle is briefly addressed. The limited evidence-base is outlined with a view to what the clinician can do to foster maximal support, understanding and on-going cooperation. The interplay between realism and optimism is highlighted so that accuracy and helpfulness are wedded as meaningfully and sensitively as possible. The aim is to be helpful rather than pursue an ideal of the unfaltering, polished and flawlessly performing clinician.
Topics: Child; Child Development; Child Health; Humans; Physician-Patient Relations; Professional-Family Relations; Trust; Truth Disclosure
PubMed: 30968496
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14443 -
The Journal of Animal Ecology Dec 2019The environment experienced early in life often affects the traits that are developed after an individual has transitioned into new life stages and environments. Because... (Review)
Review
The environment experienced early in life often affects the traits that are developed after an individual has transitioned into new life stages and environments. Because the phenotypes induced by earlier environments are then screened by later ones, these 'carry-over effects' influence fitness outcomes across the entire life cycle. While the last two decades have witnessed an explosion of studies documenting the occurrence of carry-over effects, little attention has been given to how they adapt and diversify. To aid future research in this area, we present a framework for the evolution of carry-over effects. Carry-over effects can evolve in two ways. First, the expression of traits later in life may become more or less dependent on the developmental processes of earlier stages (e.g., 'adaptive decoupling'). Genetic correlations between life stages then either strengthen or weaken. Alternatively, those influential developmental processes that begin early in life may become more or less sensitive to that earlier environment. Here, plasticity changes in all the traits that share those developmental pathways across the whole life cycle. Adaptive evolution of a carry-over effect is governed by selection on the induced phenotypes in the later stage, and also by selection on any developmentally linked traits in the earlier life stage. When these selective pressures conflict, the evolution of the carry-over effect will be biased towards maximizing performance in the life stage with stronger selection. Because life stages often contribute unequally to total fitness, the strength of selection in any one stage depends on: (a) the relationship between the traits and the stage-specific fitness components (e.g., juvenile survival, adult mating success), and (b) the reproductive value of the life stage. Considering the evolution of carry-over effects reveals several intriguing features of the evolution of life histories and phenotypic plasticity more generally. For instance, carry-over effects that manifest as maladaptive plasticity in one life stage may represent an adaptive strategy for maximizing fitness in stages with stronger selection. Additionally, adaptation to novel environments encountered early in the life cycle may be faster in the presence of carry-over effects that influence sexually selected traits.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biological Evolution; Life Cycle Stages; Phenotype; Reproduction
PubMed: 31402447
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13081 -
Journal of Speech, Language, and... Aug 2019Purpose Current approaches to speech production aim to explain adult behavior and so make assumptions that, when taken to their logical conclusion, fail to adequately... (Review)
Review
Purpose Current approaches to speech production aim to explain adult behavior and so make assumptions that, when taken to their logical conclusion, fail to adequately account for development. This failure is problematic if adult behavior can be understood to emerge from the developmental process. This problem motivates the proposal of a developmentally sensitive theory of speech production. The working hypothesis, which structures the theory, is that feedforward representations and processes mature earlier than central feedback control processes in speech production. Method Theoretical assumptions that underpin the 2 major approaches to adult speech production are reviewed. Strengths and weaknesses are evaluated with respect to developmental patterns. A developmental approach is then pursued. The strengths of existing theories are borrowed, and the ideas are resynthesized under the working hypothesis. The speech production process is then reimagined in developmental stages, with each stage building on the previous one. Conclusion The resulting theory proposes that speech production relies on conceptually linked representations that are information-reduced holistic perceptual and motoric forms, constituting the phonological aspect of a system that is acquired with the lexicon. These forms are referred to as exemplars and schemas, respectively. When a particular exemplar and schema are activated with the selection of a particular lexical concept, their forms are used to define unique trajectories through an endogenous perceptual-motor space that guides implementation. This space is not linguistic, reflecting its origin in the prespeech period. Central feedback control over production emerges with failures in communication and the development of a self-concept.
Topics: Adult; Child; Child Language; Human Development; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Phonetics; Speech
PubMed: 31465709
DOI: 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-S-CSMC7-18-0130 -
Blood Jun 2022Fetal and neonatal megakaryocyte progenitors are hyperproliferative compared with adult progenitors and generate a large number of small, low-ploidy megakaryocytes....
Fetal and neonatal megakaryocyte progenitors are hyperproliferative compared with adult progenitors and generate a large number of small, low-ploidy megakaryocytes. Historically, these developmental differences have been interpreted as "immaturity." However, more recent studies have demonstrated that the small, low-ploidy fetal and neonatal megakaryocytes have all the characteristics of adult polyploid megakaryocytes, including the presence of granules, a well-developed demarcation membrane system, and proplatelet formation. Thus, rather than immaturity, the features of fetal and neonatal megakaryopoiesis reflect a developmentally unique uncoupling of proliferation, polyploidization, and cytoplasmic maturation, which allows fetuses and neonates to populate their rapidly expanding bone marrow and blood volume. At the molecular level, the features of fetal and neonatal megakaryopoiesis are the result of a complex interplay of developmentally regulated pathways and environmental signals from the different hematopoietic niches. Over the past few years, studies have challenged traditional paradigms about the origin of the megakaryocyte lineage in both fetal and adult life, and the application of single-cell RNA sequencing has led to a better characterization of embryonic, fetal, and adult megakaryocytes. In particular, a growing body of data suggests that at all stages of development, the various functions of megakaryocytes are not fulfilled by the megakaryocyte population as a whole, but rather by distinct megakaryocyte subpopulations with dedicated roles. Finally, recent studies have provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying developmental disorders of megakaryopoiesis, which either uniquely affect fetuses and neonates or have different clinical presentations in neonatal compared with adult life.
Topics: Adult; Bone Marrow; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Megakaryocyte Progenitor Cells; Megakaryocytes; Thrombopoiesis
PubMed: 35108353
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009301 -
Current Protocols Oct 2023The rapid succession of events during development poses an inherent challenge to achieve precise synchronization required for rigorous, quantitative phenotypic and...
The rapid succession of events during development poses an inherent challenge to achieve precise synchronization required for rigorous, quantitative phenotypic and genotypic analyses in multicellular model organisms. Drosophila melanogaster is an indispensable model for studying the development and function of higher order organisms due to extensive genome homology, tractability, and its relatively short lifespan. Presently, nine Nobel prizes serve as a testament to the utility of this elegant model system. Ongoing advancements in genetic and molecular tools allow for the underlying mechanisms of human disease to be investigated in Drosophila. However, the absence of a method to precisely age-match tissues during larval development prevents further capitalization of this powerful model organism. Drosophila spends nearly half of its life cycle progressing through three morphologically distinct larval instar stages, during which the imaginal discs, precursors of mature adult external structures (e.g., eyes, legs, wings), grow and develop distinct cell fates. Other tissues, such as the central nervous system, undergo massive morphological changes during larval development. While these three larval stages and subsequent pupal stages have historically been identified based on the number of hours post egg-laying under standard laboratory conditions, a reproducible, efficient, and inexpensive method is required to accurately age-match larvae within the third instar. The third instar stage is of particular interest, as this developmental stage spans a 48-hr window during which larval tissues switch from proliferative to differentiation programs. Moreover, some genetic manipulations can lead to developmental delays, further compounding the need for precise age-matching between control and experimental samples. This article provides a protocol optimized for synchronous staging of Drosophila third instar larvae by colorimetric characterization and is useful for age-matching a variety of tissues for numerous downstream applications. We also provide a brief discussion of the technical challenges associated with successful application of this protocol. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Synchronization of third instar Drosophila larvae.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Larva; Colorimetry; Pupa
PubMed: 37861353
DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.924 -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Jul 2021Resilience following childhood maltreatment has received substantial empirical attention, with the number of studies on this construct growing exponentially in the past... (Review)
Review
Resilience following childhood maltreatment has received substantial empirical attention, with the number of studies on this construct growing exponentially in the past decade. While there is ample interest, inconsistencies remain about how to conceptualize and assess resilience. Further, there is a lack of consensus on how developmental stage influences resilience and how protective factors affect its expression. The current systematic review uses a developmental lens to synthesize findings on resilience following child maltreatment. Specifically, this article consolidates the body of empirical literature in a developmentally oriented review, with the intention of inclusively assessing three key areas-the conceptualization of resilience, assessment of resilience, and factors associated with resilience in maltreatment research. A total of 67 peer-reviewed, quantitative empirical articles that examined child maltreatment and resilience were included in this review. Results indicate that some inconsistencies in the literature may be addressed by utilizing a developmental lens and considering the individual's life stage when selecting a definition of resilience and associated measurement tool. The findings also support developmental variations in factors associated with resilience, with different individual, relational, and community protective factors emerging based on life stage. Implications for practice, policy, and research are incorporated throughout this review.
Topics: Child; Child Abuse; Humans; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 31405362
DOI: 10.1177/1524838019869094