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MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Complications
PubMed: 37919567
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-023-3101-y -
Acta Medica Portuguesa 2015Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by sustained hyperglycemia leading to macro and microvascular complications. The eye is one of the main... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by sustained hyperglycemia leading to macro and microvascular complications. The eye is one of the main organs affected by this disease, being diabetic retinopathy the most well-known microvascular complication and the leading cause of blindness in the working age population. However, diabetic ocular disease is not only characterized by diabetic retinopathy. Other important ocular manifestations of diabetes mellitus include cataract, glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, cranial nerve palsies and recurrent corneal erosion syndrome. Here, we emphasize diabetic retinopathy as the most important and characteristic complication of diabetes mellitus, but also review less well-known complications with the aim to alert and sensitize non-ophthalmologist clinicians that treat diabetic individuals, in order to promote an early diagnosis and treatment of the sight-threatening complications of diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetic Retinopathy; Eye Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 25817504
DOI: No ID Found -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2022Zinc present in the islet cells of the pancreas is crucial for the synthesis, storage, and secretion of insulin. The excretion of large amounts of zinc from the body is... (Review)
Review
Zinc present in the islet cells of the pancreas is crucial for the synthesis, storage, and secretion of insulin. The excretion of large amounts of zinc from the body is reported in diabetic situations. Zinc depletion and increased oxidative stress have a major impact on the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. It would be most relevant to ascertain if intervention with supplemental zinc compensating for its depletion would beneficially mitigate hyperglycemia and the attendant metabolic abnormalities, and secondary complications in diabetes. An exhaustive literature search on this issue indicates: (1) Concurrent hypozincemia and decreased tissue zinc stores in diabetes as a result of its increased urinary excretion and/or decreased intestinal absorption, (2) Several recent experimental studies have documented that supplemental zinc has a potential hypoglycemic effect in the diabetic situation, and also beneficially modulate the attendant metabolic abnormalities and compromised antioxidant status, and (3) Supplemental zinc also alleviates renal lesions, cataract and the risk of cardiovascular disease accompanying diabetes mellitus, and help restore gastrointestinal health in experimental diabetes. These studies have also attempted to identify the precise mechanisms responsible for zinc-mediated beneficial effects in diabetic situation. The evidence discussed in this review highlights that supplemental zinc may significantly contribute to its clinical application in the management of diabetic hyperglycemia and related metabolic abnormalities, and in the alleviation of secondary complications resulting from diabetic oxidative stress.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Dietary Supplements; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Zinc
PubMed: 33938330
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1833178 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2021The global pandemic of diabetes and diabetes complications confers heavy pressure on public health. Novel antidiabetes strategies with negligible unwanted effects are... (Review)
Review
The global pandemic of diabetes and diabetes complications confers heavy pressure on public health. Novel antidiabetes strategies with negligible unwanted effects are urgently needed. Currently, the anti-hyperglycemic potential of plant-based functional ingredients has been explored to provide alternative strategies. As a kind of dietary bioactive compound, oleuropein has aroused the growing interest of researchers in diabetes and diabetes complications management. This review reveals the research progress of oleuropein in treating diabetes and diabetes complications and summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects of oleuropein. Oleuropein achieves amelioration of diabetes, the mechanisms of which include the modulation of insulin secretion, the repairment islet morphology, the activation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase singling, and the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Oleuropein also can relieve diabetes complications including diabetic nephropathy, diabetes cardiovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, poor wound healing, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic testicular dysfunction. Oleuropein reverses cell apoptosis, regenerates tissues, restores the histological organization, and decreases oxidative stress in treating diabetes complications. Taken together, oleuropein is a promising compound for diabetes and diabetes complications management and can be used as a nutraceutical to fight against these diseases.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Humans; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 34042426
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01404 -
Pharmacological Research Sep 2016The first studies of histamine and diabetes date back to the 1950s. Since that time the involvement of histamine in diabetes was related to its well known vasoactive... (Review)
Review
The first studies of histamine and diabetes date back to the 1950s. Since that time the involvement of histamine in diabetes was related to its well known vasoactive properties and permeability leakage effects. In particular, the first evidence for a correlation between histamine and diabetes arose in 1989 when an increase in plasma and leucocyte histamine content was observed. Limited independent evidence followed in the subsequent two decades, focusing on both histamine glyceamic control and macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes. However, recent observations have sparked the question whether it is time to reconsider the functional contribution of histamine in diabetes. We reveal an interesting upsurge in the field which provides scope for new insights into the role of histamine in diabetes.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Histamine; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Receptors, Histamine; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27343700
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.021 -
Current Diabetes Reports Dec 2019Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in people with diabetes. Our aim was to review the pathophysiology of CVD in diabetes, review related... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in people with diabetes. Our aim was to review the pathophysiology of CVD in diabetes, review related landmark trials, and discuss the cardiovascular benefit of glucose-lowering agents. We have also discussed the role of controversial anti-platelet therapy.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent studies have shown the impact of glucose-lowering agents on CVD in people with diabetes. Statins are now recommended for all patients with diabetes over the age of 40 regardless of the LDL level given the cardiovascular benefit of these drugs. Current recommendations suggest a blood pressure < 130/80 for individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk reduction should be an important part of the management of diabetes. Focusing solely on glycemic control may not be the best therapeutic strategy. Multifactorial risk reduction should be taken into account. Lipid-lowering agents and anti-hypertensives should be a corner stone of treatment of diabetes. With currently available data, glucose-lowering agents with cardiovascular benefit should be started early in the disease process.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Complications; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Hypertension; Hypolipidemic Agents; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31828525
DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1239-x -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Apr 2016Eight percent of the U.S. population has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), while another large percentage has gone undiagnosed. As the epidemiology of this... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Eight percent of the U.S. population has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), while another large percentage has gone undiagnosed. As the epidemiology of this disease constitutes a larger percentage of the American population, another factor presents a dangerous dilemma that can exacerbate the hazardous effects imposed by DM. Excessive alcohol consumption concerns the health of more than 50% of all adults. When this heavy-alcohol-drinking population overlaps with DM and its complications, the effects can be dangerous. In this review, we term it as "double trouble."
METHODS
We provide evidence of alcohol-induced exacerbation of organ damage in diabetic conditions. In certain cases, we have explained how diabetes and alcohol induce similar pathological effects.
RESULTS
Known exacerbated complications include those related to heart diseases, liver damage, kidney dysfunction, as well as retinal and neurological impairment. Often, pathophysiological damage concludes with end-stage disorders and even mortality. The metabolic, cell signaling, and pathophysiological changes associated with "double trouble" would lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
CONCLUSIONS
This review summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, metabolic, and cell signaling alterations and finally brushes upon issues and strategies to manage the "double trouble."
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans
PubMed: 27013182
DOI: 10.1111/acer.13008 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Feb 2020Abnormalities in glucose metabolism are common in patients with arterial disease. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance contribute to the complexity of vascular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Abnormalities in glucose metabolism are common in patients with arterial disease. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance contribute to the complexity of vascular disorders. They also overlap with the effects of perioperative hyperglycemia on adverse perioperative outcomes. We provide an overview of the pathophysiologic consequences of dysglycemia and the evidence behind glycemic control in patients undergoing vascular surgery.
METHODS
We searched the literature for major studies evaluating the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia in microvascular and macrovascular beds, randomized trials in perioperative populations, and meta-analyses. The literature was summarized to guide therapy in the population of vascular patients and for the perioperative period.
RESULTS
National standards for glycemic control after vascular interventions were not identified. Mounting evidence exists for the long-term consequences of poor glycemic control on the progression of vascular disease. Similarly, there is a large body of evidence supporting tight control of hyperglycemia after general and cardiac surgery during the critical perioperative period. The absolute glucose target remains controversial. Randomized controlled studies are lacking in vascular surgery patients, but the current evidence can be extrapolated to guide management after vascular interventions. Glycated hemoglobin is a biomarker for increased mortality and vascular morbidity after vascular surgery.
CONCLUSIONS
Hyperglycemia contributes to poor outcome in the vascular patient. Further vascular focused studies are required to determine the proper perioperative serum glucose target and the long-term glycated hemoglobin range.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Vascular Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 31327619
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.05.027 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Jul 2017Diabetes, a major lifestyle disorder, has become a global burden, and the prevalence rates are rising steeply in developing economies. Rapid socioeconomic transition... (Review)
Review
Diabetes, a major lifestyle disorder, has become a global burden, and the prevalence rates are rising steeply in developing economies. Rapid socioeconomic transition with urbanization and industrialization are the main causes for the global diabetes epidemic. Among developing economies, the highest increase in number of people with diabetes is in China followed by India. In India, the epidemic of diabetes continue to increase and is experiencing a shift in diabetes prevalence from urban to rural areas, the affluent to the less privileged and from older to younger people. Diabetes is a progressive disorder leading to complications, which are broadly divided into small vessel or microvascular disease and large vessel or macrovascular disease. Microvascular complications affect the inner part of the eye-the retina known as diabetic retinopathy, the kidney termed as diabetic nephropathy and the peripheral nerves termed as diabetic neuropathy. The macrovascular complications affect the heart, the brain and the peripheral arteries termed as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease, respectively. Given the lifelong expenditure associated with diabetes and its complications, individuals, families and the society are unable to cope with the economic, emotional and social disease burden due to diabetes. The economic burden of diabetes can be reduced by providing universal healthcare coverage, access to affordable medicines and early detection and treatment of the disorder. This emphasizes the need for a multi-prolonged strategy to minimize the burden of diabetes and its complications.
Topics: Databases, Factual; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; India; Life Style; Morbidity; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28422124
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.40 -
Current Diabetes Reviews 2017Diabetes mellitus is a vastly prevalent metabolic disorder with escalating global health concerns. Particularly when mismanaged, chronic micro- and macrovascular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Diabetes mellitus is a vastly prevalent metabolic disorder with escalating global health concerns. Particularly when mismanaged, chronic micro- and macrovascular complications may highly impair physiological systems while immunodeficiency disposes us to infection.
OBJECTIVE
We investigate infections, localized complications, and neoplasms of the genitourinary system secondary to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus in males and females.
METHOD
A comprehensive MEDLINE® search was guided using key words relevant to diabetes mellitus and the genitourinary system.
RESULTS
Pathogen-friendly environments may implicate the sequelae of urinary tract and genital mycotic infections, potentially generating necrosis, abscess, and other inflammatory complications, which may present concomitantly with neurogenic and/or vasculogenic dysfunction to further exacerbate an existing genitourinary condition. Manifestations of the adrenal, renal, and genital organs and tissues are discussed as they relate to vascular, immunodeficient, and other hyperglycemic complications of the diabetic state. Among those, chronic kidney disease and cystopathy are the most prevailing and detrimental. Though studies have connected diabetes to either an increased risk of developing or poor prognosis of bladder, renal, prostate, endometrial, and cervical cancers, the explicit biological relationships are as of yet inconclusive.
CONCLUSION
Despite the availability of precise treatments to ameliorate most presently reviewed conditions, particularly urinary tract and genital mycotic infection-related sequelae, reversing permanent vascular damage remains a great challenge. Leading a healthier lifestyle and managing diabetes mellitus with a patient-centric approach from the outset are the most putative methods for preventing critical long-term genitourinary manifestations of diabetes mellitus.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Female Urogenital Diseases; Humans; Male; Male Urogenital Diseases; Prevalence
PubMed: 27774877
DOI: 10.2174/1573399812666161019162747