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Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health Oct 2022
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 36181438
DOI: 10.1111/jpc.1_15794 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2021
Topics: Acrodermatitis; Diaper Rash; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant; Male; Zinc
PubMed: 33903138
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201181-f -
International Journal of Dermatology Jul 2016Irritant napkin dermatitis (IND, often referred to as irritant diaper dermatitis) is an exceedingly common problem in the first 2 years of life. It is now established... (Review)
Review
Irritant napkin dermatitis (IND, often referred to as irritant diaper dermatitis) is an exceedingly common problem in the first 2 years of life. It is now established that a number of factors are considered important in the etiology of IND. The principal irritants are fecal enzymes, which damage infant skin and are further amplified by a number of factors, including skin maceration and friction, high pH, the presence of urine, and the duration of contact with feces. In recent years, the decreasing incidence and severity of IND reflects improvements in the design and performance of diapers, diaper skin care products, and overall awareness about maintaining infant skin health.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Emollients; Equipment Design; Humans; Infant; Prevalence; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 27311779
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13334 -
Pediatric Dermatology Nov 2014Disposable diapers are the most common diaper care practice in Western societies today, and their use continues to increase globally. Improvements in disposable diaper... (Review)
Review
Disposable diapers are the most common diaper care practice in Western societies today, and their use continues to increase globally. Improvements in disposable diaper technology have helped to reduce the prevalence and severity of diaper dermatitis (DD) over the course of the last few decades. This article reviews how changes in disposable diaper technology interact with the various etiological factors in DD, thus helping to improve overall diaper area skin health for children around the world.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Disposable Equipment; Humans; Infant; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 25403933
DOI: 10.1111/pde.12501 -
International Journal of Dermatology Jul 2016A review of the literature on diapers and diaper rash reveals that many clinicians are unfamiliar with modern diaper construction and materials as well as diaper safety... (Review)
Review
A review of the literature on diapers and diaper rash reveals that many clinicians are unfamiliar with modern diaper construction and materials as well as diaper safety testing methods. Typical modern diapers do not contain ingredients of concern such as latex and disperse dyes, but use ingredients such as spandex and pigments with a favorable safety profile. Today's disposable diaper is a high performance product whose carefully designed layers and liners provide optimal urine and feces absorption and an ever more clothing-like and comfortable fit. This is possible due to a variety of specialized polymer materials that provide optimal absorption of urine and feces, thereby minimizing skin exposure.
Topics: Consumer Product Safety; Diaper Rash; Diapers, Infant; Equipment Design; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 27311782
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13333 -
The Australasian Journal of Dermatology Nov 2021Baby wipes are a commonly used cleansing method for infants. A literature review has been performed to assess if using baby wipes is beneficial or harmful compared to... (Review)
Review
Baby wipes are a commonly used cleansing method for infants. A literature review has been performed to assess if using baby wipes is beneficial or harmful compared to water and cloth in terms of nappy rash. This includes a detailed analysis of baby wipe ingredients, as many skin irritants as well as allergens are identified. MedLine, Embase and PubMed were searched and after 420 titles and abstracts were screened, 21 studies remained for inclusion. Baby wipes are deemed as superior to water and cloth in the majority of the literature. However, no definitive conclusion can be drawn as many studies are also industry funded. The most notable allergens identified are fragrances, such as linalool, cocamidopropyl betaine (surfactant), formaldehyde-releasing preservatives and other preservatives, including methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone. As not all allergens are listed on the label accurately, this can be misleading for the consumer.
Topics: Diaper Rash; Household Products; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Perfume
PubMed: 34523734
DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13715 -
Krankenpflege. Soins Infirmiers 2017
Review
Topics: Adult; Aged; Diaper Rash; Fecal Incontinence; Homes for the Aged; Humans; Middle Aged; Nursing Homes; Skin Care; Urinary Incontinence
PubMed: 30549736
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Dermatology Nov 2014A diverse group of diseases can cause skin conditions in the diaper area including those which are directly caused by diapers or the diaper environment, some which are... (Review)
Review
A diverse group of diseases can cause skin conditions in the diaper area including those which are directly caused by diapers or the diaper environment, some which are not directly due to, but are worsened by, the wearing of diapers, and those which are independent of the presence of the diaper or its resulting environment. Many of these conditions are limited to this area of the skin, but others extend to skin outside this area, and some are signs of systemic disease. We review many of the important causes of eruptions in the diaper area and emphasize key points in the differential diagnosis.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 25403935
DOI: 10.1111/pde.12500 -
Revista Medico-chirurgicala a... 2014Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect up to 1% of children. Genetic (family history of psoriasis) and environmental factors (bacterial or viral...
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect up to 1% of children. Genetic (family history of psoriasis) and environmental factors (bacterial or viral infections, stress, and trauma) are frequently involved in its occurrence. Napkin psoriasis is a particular form of psoriasis affecting mainly children younger than 2 years of age and can be classified together with other diseases under diaper rash. We present the case of a 4-month-old infant, born at term, naturally, weight and height within the normal range, who was brought to the Dermatology Clinic for the occurrence of erythematosquamous lesions in the anogenital area, buttocks and upper third of the thighs, with subsequent dissemination of lesions. The onset of symptoms began a few days after a respiratory tract infection. Initially he received treatment with systemic antibiotic and topical corticosteroid and antibiotic with unfavorable outcome. Laboratory tests revealed iron-deficiency anemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, accelerated ESR, marked hepatic cytolysis, hyperphosphatemia and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. A systemic antihistamine and nonspecific desensitization treatment was administered. Topical treatment consisted in the removal of predisposing factors and irritants (diaper, urine) by rigorous hygiene, application of topical non-fluorinated cortico-steroid and use of emollients, with favorable course of the lesions. The peculiarity of the case is that the diagnosis of psoriasis was based on history, physical examination and laboratory tests, in the absence of a pathology examination to confirm the diagnosis. Pathology examination could not be performed due to patient's age as biopsy required general anesthesia.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Anal Canal; Buttocks; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emollients; Genitalia; Glucocorticoids; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Infant; Male; Psoriasis; Thigh; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25581961
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinics in Dermatology 2015Diaper (napkin) dermatitis is an acutely presenting inflammatory irritant contact dermatitis of the diaper region. It is one of the most common dermatologic diseases in... (Review)
Review
Diaper (napkin) dermatitis is an acutely presenting inflammatory irritant contact dermatitis of the diaper region. It is one of the most common dermatologic diseases in infants and children. In the past, the disease was thought to be caused by ammonia; however, a number of factors, such as friction, wetness, inappropriate skin care, microorganisms, antibiotics, and nutritional defects, are important. Diaper dermatitis commonly affects the lower parts of the abdomen, thighs, and diaper area. Involvement of skin fold regions is typical with diaper dermatitis. At the early stages of the disease, only dryness is observed in the affected area. At later stages, erythematous maceration and edema can be seen. Secondary candidal and bacterial infections can complicate the dermatitis. In the differential diagnosis of the disease, allergic contact dermatitis, intertrigo, psoriasis, atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, and the other diseases should be considered. Causes of the disease should be determined and eliminated primarily. Families need to be informed about the importance of a clean, dry diaper area and the frequency of diaper changes. The use of superabsorbent disposable diapers has decreased the incidence of the disease. Soap and alcohol-containing products should be avoided in cleaning the area. In some cases, corticosteroids and antifungal agents can be administered. If necessary, antibacterial agents and calcineurin inhibitors can also be beneficial.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy, Needle; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatologic Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Diaper Rash; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intertrigo; Male; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26051065
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.04.012