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PloS One 2023A substantial body of evidence points to the heritability of dietary preferences. While vegetarianism has been practiced for millennia in various societies, its...
A substantial body of evidence points to the heritability of dietary preferences. While vegetarianism has been practiced for millennia in various societies, its practitioners remain a small minority of people worldwide, and the role of genetics in choosing a vegetarian diet is not well understood. Dietary choices involve an interplay between the physiologic effects of dietary items, their metabolism, and taste perception, all of which are strongly influenced by genetics. In this study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci associated with strict vegetarianism in UK Biobank participants. Comparing 5,324 strict vegetarians to 329,455 controls, we identified one SNP on chromosome 18 that is associated with vegetarianism at the genome-wide significant level (rs72884519, β = -0.11, P = 4.997 x 10-8), and an additional 201 suggestively significant variants. Four genes are associated with rs72884519: TMEM241, RIOK3, NPC1, and RMC1. Using the Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA) platform and the Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation (MAGMA) tool, we identified 34 genes with a possible role in vegetarianism, 3 of which are GWAS-significant based on gene-level analysis: RIOK3, RMC1, and NPC1. Several of the genes associated with vegetarianism, including TMEM241, NPC1, and RMC1, have important functions in lipid metabolism and brain function, raising the possibility that differences in lipid metabolism and their effects on the brain may underlie the ability to subsist on a vegetarian diet. These results support a role for genetics in choosing a vegetarian diet and open the door to future studies aimed at further elucidating the physiologic pathways involved in vegetarianism.
Topics: Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Diet, Vegetarian; Diet; Diet, Vegan; Brain
PubMed: 37792698
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291305 -
European Journal of Cancer Prevention :... Nov 2023The prevalence of cancer is rising globally, and it is the second leading cause of death. Nutrition has an important influence on the risk of developing cancer.... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of cancer is rising globally, and it is the second leading cause of death. Nutrition has an important influence on the risk of developing cancer. Moreover, changes in the gut microbiota are connected to the risk of developing cancer and are critical for sustaining immunity. Various studies have shown that intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, and the Mediterranean diet are effective therapies in changing the intestinal microbiota, the prevention of cancer, and the improvement of tolerance to treatment in cancer patients. Although there is not enough evidence to show that the ketogenic diet is effective in changing the intestinal microbiota in a manner that could prevent cancer, intermittent fasting and the Mediterranean diet could positively affect composition of intestinal microbiota against cancer. In addition, the ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and the Mediterranean diet have the potential to stimulate anticarcinogenic pathways, and they might increase cancer patients' quality of life according to scientific evidence. In this review, we represent and argue recent scientific data on relationship between intermittent fasting, the ketogenic diet, and the Mediterranean diet, intestinal microbiota, cancer prevention and cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Diet, Ketogenic; Diet, Mediterranean; Intermittent Fasting; Quality of Life; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37401519
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000820 -
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Feb 2020CVD are the main cause of death especially in high-income countries. Previously, research focused on single nutrients including saturated and MUFA, sodium and dietary... (Review)
Review
CVD are the main cause of death especially in high-income countries. Previously, research focused on single nutrients including saturated and MUFA, sodium and dietary fibre, or specific foods such as fish, fruit and vegetables, and olive oil, in the aetiology of CVD. In recent years, however, the effects of complete dietary patterns on the prevention of CVD have gained interest, to account for diet heterogeneity and food-nutrient interactions. Several dietary patterns have been investigated, such as the Paleolithic diet, the vegetarian and vegan diets, the Diet Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Nordic and Mediterranean diets, with many contradictions remaining. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the effects of these dietary patterns on CVD risk, to discuss their overall nutrient adequacy and briefly discuss their environmental impact.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31250769
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665119000946 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Sep 2023This review provides an overview of most recent research studies employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in the assessment of effects of diet and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review provides an overview of most recent research studies employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in the assessment of effects of diet and food ingestion.
RECENT FINDINGS
NMR metabolomics is a useful tool in the elucidation of specific diets, for example, the Mediterranean diet, the New Nordic diet types, and also for comparing vegan, vegetarian and omnivore diets where specific diet-linked metabolite perturbations have been identified. Another core area where NMR metabolomics is employed involves research focused on examining specific food components or ingredients, including dietary fibers and other functional components. In several cases, NMR metabolomics has aided to document how specific food components exert effects on the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. Research has also demonstrated the potential use of NMR metabolomics in assessing diet quality and interactions between specific food components such as meat and diet quality. The implications of these findings are important as they address that background diet can be decisive for if food items turn out to exert either harmful or health-promoting effects.
SUMMARY
NMR metabolomics can provide important mechanistic insight and aid to biomarker discovery with implications for compliance and food registration purposes.
Topics: Humans; Diet; Diet, Vegan; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Fiber; Nutrients
PubMed: 36942870
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000906 -
Alternative Therapies in Health and... Oct 2023Despite growing interest in nutrition as a behavioral intervention to improve cognitive health in clinical populations, many providers find it challenging to provide... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite growing interest in nutrition as a behavioral intervention to improve cognitive health in clinical populations, many providers find it challenging to provide specific nutritional recommendations. We aimed to review and synthesize current empirical research on this topic and provide considerations for healthcare providers working with adults who wish to optimize their cognition via dietary improvements.
METHODS
We performed a narrative review of research published between January 2009 and May 2021 on 5 popular dietary interventions: the Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention Diet for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Of the 5 dietary interventions, the Mediterranean diet has been the most extensively investigated, and there is evidence supporting its cognitive benefits. However, operationalization of the Mediterranean diet varies across studies, rendering the results inconclusive. The DASH diet and the MIND diet have stronger operationalization and showed evidence of cognitive benefits. More longitudinal studies and/or randomized clinical trials should be conducted on these 2 relatively new interventions. Finally, there is limited research with human participants regarding the ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, which are found to be cognitively protective within stringent parameters. Definitions for these 5 dietary patterns and practice tips and recommendations are provided.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Diet; Nutritional Status; Diet, Mediterranean; Dietary Approaches To Stop Hypertension; Cognition
PubMed: 35180098
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Vascular Pharmacology 2023Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally. Besides lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, and other risk factors, poor nutrition and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death globally. Besides lack of exercise, obesity, smoking, and other risk factors, poor nutrition and unhealthy/ unbalanced diets play an important role in CVD.
OBJECTIVE
This review examined data on all issues of the CV-health benefits of a balanced diet, with tabulation of nutritional data and health-authority recommendations and pictorial illustration of the main features of a CV-healthy diet.
METHODS
PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies and reviews on diet and CV health.
RESULTS
For a long time, there has been evidence, corroborated by recent findings, that pro-vegetarian diets have a beneficial influence on serum lipid levels, markers of inflammation and endothelial function, prooxidant-antioxidant balance, and gut microbiome, all probably contributing to reduced CV risk. Worries about the nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diets are circumvented by obtaining certain nutrients lacking or found in lower amounts in plants than in animal foods, by consuming a wide variety of healthy plant foods and through intake of oral supplements or fortified foods. Well-balanced diets, such as the Mediterranean or the Dietary-Approaches-to-Stop-Hypertension diets, provide CV-health benefits. Nevertheless, a broad variety of plant-based diets with low/minimal animal food intake may allow for a personalized and culturally adjusted application of dietary recommendations contributing to the maintenance of CV health.
CONCLUSION
Universal adoption of a balanced CV-healthy diet can reduce global, CV and other mortality by ~20%. This requires world-wide programs of information for and education of the public, starting with school children and expanding to all groups, sectors, and levels.
Topics: Animals; Diet, Healthy; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Antioxidants; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 36974413
DOI: 10.2174/1570161121666230327135916 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Jun 2016Diet is a risk factor in several medically important disease states, including obesity, celiac disease, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Modification of diet... (Review)
Review
Diet is a risk factor in several medically important disease states, including obesity, celiac disease, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Modification of diet can prevent, treat, or alleviate some of the symptoms associated with these diseases and improve general health. It is important to provide patients with simple dietary recommendations to increase the probability of successful implementation. These recommendations include increasing vegetable, fruit, and fiber intake, consuming lean protein sources to enhance satiety, avoiding or severely limiting highly processed foods, and reducing portion sizes for overweight and obese patients.
Topics: Diet; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Gluten-Free; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Paleolithic; Dietary Supplements; Food; Food, Genetically Modified; Food, Organic; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Neoplasms; Obesity; Probiotics
PubMed: 27261897
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.004 -
International Journal of Pediatric... Dec 2017Tonsillectomy remains one of the commonest operations performed in children. Post-operative diet may affect post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rate, although post-operative... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Tonsillectomy remains one of the commonest operations performed in children. Post-operative diet may affect post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rate, although post-operative dietary advice varies. We undertook a systematic review of the published literature to assess if and how different post-operative diets were associated with differences in PTH rates following paediatric tonsillectomy, to provide an evidence base to inform individual otorhinolaryngologists' practice and for future guideline development.
METHODS
A systematic review of the published English literature of the PubMed, Medline and Cochrane Collaboration databases, using search terms used included 'post-tonsillectomy', 'diet', 'dietary advice', 'bleeding', 'haemorrhage', 'paediatric' &'children'.
RESULTS
Eight publications were included in the review, including 5 randomised controlled trials, 2 case-control studies and 1 cohort study. These involved 1039 patients with 545 patients following a restricted/non-additive diet after tonsillectomy and 494 patients following an unrestricted/additive diet. The average reported PTH rate of patients in the restricted diet groups was 2.3% and 0.8% in patients in the unrestricted diet groups, which is not statistically significant (p = 0.12, one tailed t-test).
CONCLUSION
PTH following paediatric surgery does not appear to be affected by different post-operative diets or regimes followed by patients. Clinicians should not change the advice provided regarding oral intake and diet following tonsillectomy surgery in children.
Topics: Child; Diet; Female; Health Education; Humans; Postoperative Hemorrhage; Risk; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 29224760
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.031 -
Nutrition & Dietetics: the Journal of... Nov 2019
Topics: Diet; Energy Intake; Humans
PubMed: 31760689
DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12595 -
Public Health Nutrition Feb 2020The objective of this study was to assess the prospective association between diet quality, as well as a 6-year change in diet quality, and risk of incident CVD and...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to assess the prospective association between diet quality, as well as a 6-year change in diet quality, and risk of incident CVD and diabetes in a community-based population.
DESIGN
We used Cox regression models to estimate the prospective association between diet quality, assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and the Alternative HEI (AHEI)-2010 scores, as well as change in diet quality, and incident CVD and diabetes.
SETTING
The ARIC Study recruited 15 792 black and white men and women (45-64 years) from four US communities.
PARTICIPANTS
We included 10 808 study participants who reported usual dietary intake via FFQ at visit 1 (1987-1989) and who had not developed CVD, diabetes, or cancer at baseline.
RESULTS
Overall, 3070 participants developed CVD (median follow-up of 26 years) and 3452 developed diabetes (median follow-up of 22 years) after visit 1. Higher diet score at the initial visit was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD (HR per 10 % higher HEI-2015 diet quality score: 0·90 (95 % CI: 0·86, 0·95) and HR per 10 % higher AHEI-2010 diet quality score: 0·96 (95 % CI: 0·93, 0·99)). We did not observe a significant association between initial diet score and incident diabetes. There were no significant associations between change in diet score and CVD or diabetes risk in the overall study population.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher diet quality assessed using HEI-2015 and AHEI-2010 was strongly associated with lower CVD risk but not diabetes risk within a middle-aged, community-based US population.
Topics: Black or African American; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Diet Surveys; Diet, Healthy; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; White People
PubMed: 31511110
DOI: 10.1017/S136898001900212X